Immobilization of W(VI) and/or Cr(VI) in soil treated with montmorillonite modified by a gemini surfactant and tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4–)

• Published in: Journal of hazardous materials 2022-03, Vol.425, p.127768-127768, Article 127768
• Main Authors: Huang, Qidong, Hu, Xiaojie, Yuan, Xiujuan, Xiao, Ting, Zhang, Meng, Zhang, Dachao, Ren, Sili, Luo, Wuhui
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Bentonite; Chromium; Chromium - analysis; Chromium - toxicity; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Gemini surfactant; Montmorillonite; Soil; Soil Pollutants - analysis; Soil remediation; Surface-Active Agents; Tungsten
• ISSN: 0304-3894; 1873-3336
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127768

The coexistence of highly toxic chromium (Cr) and the emerging contaminant tungsten (W) in the soil adjacent to W mining areas is identified. Immobilization of W and/or Cr is vital for the safe utilization of contaminated soil. In this study, the cationic gemini surfactant (butane-1,4-bis(dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide)) and tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4–)-modified montmorillonite (FeOMt) was applied to investigate the retention performance of W and/or Cr in the soil. Regardless of the initially spiked amount of WO42– and/or CrO42–, the W and/or Cr leached in soil solution was rapidly immobilized within 5 min. The immobilization rates of W and/or Cr in the single and binary soil systems were stably maintained against the variations in pH and coexisting anion. FeOMt showed more favorable performance in the retention of W and/or Cr with respect to the precursors (i.e., the original Mt and surfactant-modified Mt) and efficiently inhibited the phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of W and/or Cr in mung beans. Due to the ion exchange, complexation, reduction, and flocculation, the addition of FeOMt transformed W and/or Cr from exchangeable/carbonate species to reducible/oxidizable fractions, reducing the environmental risk. FeCl4– complex, as a byproduct of the steel pickling process in industry, plays the pivotal role in the efficient retention of W and Cr. Based on the facile synthesis procedure and the efficient performance, the use of FeOMt for the amendment of W- and/or Cr-contaminated soil is feasible and promising. [Display omitted] •Gemini surfactant/FeCl4–-modified montmorillonite was applied to retain W and/or Cr in soil.•Rapid retention of W and Cr were stably maintained against variations in pH and coexisting anion.•W and Cr were transformed to more stable fractions by the amendment, decreasing the phytotoxicity.•Dissociation and hydrolysis of FeCl4- accounted for the efficient retention of W and Cr.