Chronotype, daily affect and social contact: An ecological momentary assessment study

• Published in: Psychiatry research 2022-03, Vol.309, p.114386-114386, Article 114386
• Main Authors: Kivelä, L., Riese, H., Fakkel, T.G., Verkuil, B., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Lamers, F., van der Does, W., Antypa, N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Affect; Circadian Rhythm; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Ecological Momentary Assessment; EMA; Eveningness; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Negative affect; Netherlands; Positive affect
• ISSN: 0165-1781; 1872-7123
• DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114386

•We measured positive/negative affect and social contact using real-time assessments.•Associations were examined in current/remitted depressed and healthy controls.•Contrary to prior findings, chronotypes did not differ in daily positive affect.•Low social contact (more often being alone) was associated with low positive affect.•Low social contact, but not chronotype, was related to increased negative affect. Eveningness is associated with lower daily positive affect (PA). The relationship between negative affect (NA) and chronotype, however, is less consistent in the literature. Eveningness may be further characterized by increased social isolation, which could explain the associations between chronotype and PA/NA. In the present longitudinal study, we used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the associations of chronotype with daily PA, NA, and social contact in individuals with current and remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls. As part of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), 279 participants (n = 49 depressed, n = 172 remitted, n = 58 controls) monitored daily PA, NA, and social contact (i.e., being alone vs. with others) for two weeks, five times per day. Overall, eveningness was associated with less social contact. This effect became nonsignificant, however, after accounting for sociodemographics (gender, age, education, living situation). Chronotype was not related to PA or NA. Less social contact was associated with lower PA and higher NA independent of chronotype. In conclusion, we could not replicate the finding of lower PA among evening types, but found social contact to associate with both daily PA and NA.