Effective magnetic susceptibility of 3D‐printed porous metal scaffolds

• Published in: Magnetic resonance in medicine 2022-06, Vol.87 (6), p.2947-2956
• Main Authors: Hong, Greg, Liu, Junmin, Cobos, Santiago F., Khazaee, Tina, Drangova, Maria, Holdsworth, David W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; Alloys; Cylinders; field map; Image quality; Inhomogeneity; Magnetic permeability; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic susceptibility; metal artifacts; Metals; New technology; Orthopaedic implants; Orthopedics; Porosity; porous metal implants; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Scaffolds; Simulation; Susceptibility; Three dimensional printing; Titanium; Titanium alloys; Titanium base alloys; Transplants & implants
• ISSN: 0740-3194; 1522-2594
• DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29136

Purpose 3D‐printed porous metal scaffolds are a promising emerging technology in orthopedic implant design. Compared to solid metal implants, porous metal implants have lower magnetic susceptibility values, which have a direct impact on imaging time and image quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between porosity and effective susceptibility through quantitative estimates informed by comparing coregistered scanned and simulated field maps. Methods Five porous scaffold cylinders were designed and 3D‐printed in titanium alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4V) with nominal porosities ranging from 60% to 90% using a cellular sheet‐based gyroid design. The effective susceptibility of each cylinder was estimated by comparing acquired B0 field maps against simulations of a solid cylinder of varying assigned magnetic susceptibility, where the orientation and volume of interest of the simulations was informed by a custom alignment phantom. Results Magnitude images and field maps showed obvious decreases in artifact size and field inhomogeneity with increasing porosity. The effective susceptibility was found to be linearly correlated with porosity (R2 = 0.9993). The extrapolated 100% porous (no metal) magnetic susceptibility was −9.9 ppm, closely matching the expected value of pure water (−9 ppm), indicating a reliable estimation of susceptibility. Conclusion Effective susceptibility of porous metal scaffolds is linearly correlated with porosity. Highly porous implants have sufficiently low effective susceptibilities to be more amenable to routine imaging with MRI.