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Identification of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl in different harvest periods using intelligent sensory technologies, HPLC characteristic fingerprint coupled with chemometrics

Introduction Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (FS), the fruit of Oleaceae plants, as a large part of traditional Chinese medicine, is classified as “Qingqiao (Q)” and “Laoqiao (L)” based on the harvest time. Because the maturation of FS is a gradual process, its accurate identification based on diff...

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Published in:Phytochemical analysis 2022-04, Vol.33 (3), p.490-501
Main Authors: Pan, Meng Hua, Su, Ya Fei, Liu, Xue Jing, Xiang, Si Qi, Ding, Yan Xia, Li, Qin
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description Introduction Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (FS), the fruit of Oleaceae plants, as a large part of traditional Chinese medicine, is classified as “Qingqiao (Q)” and “Laoqiao (L)” based on the harvest time. Because the maturation of FS is a gradual process, its accurate identification based on different maturity levels is an important issue. Objectives We suggest colorimetric, electronic tongue, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characteristic fingerprints to discriminate FS in different harvest periods. Material and methods First, FS fruits from different harvest times were collected, and then, their colour parameters, E‐tongue sensory properties, HPLC characteristic fingerprints, and contents of nominal ingredients were determined. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses, including three‐dimensional scatter plots, hierarchical cluster, principal component, linear discriminant, similarity, and partial least squares discriminant analyses were performed. Results The results demonstrated that the three experimental techniques could effectively discriminate FS based on different harvest times with 100% accuracy. Under the qualitative conditions, nine common peaks were identified in the HPLC fingerprints of 60 samples, among which, six peaks [variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1] could be used as index peaks for qualitative identification. In fact, the contents of quality marker components, including forsythin, phillygenin, rutin and forsythoside A, were significant different (P 
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Vahl in different harvest periods using intelligent sensory technologies, HPLC characteristic fingerprint coupled with chemometrics</title><source>Wiley-Blackwell Read &amp; Publish Collection</source><creator>Pan, Meng Hua ; Su, Ya Fei ; Liu, Xue Jing ; Xiang, Si Qi ; Ding, Yan Xia ; Li, Qin</creator><creatorcontrib>Pan, Meng Hua ; Su, Ya Fei ; Liu, Xue Jing ; Xiang, Si Qi ; Ding, Yan Xia ; Li, Qin</creatorcontrib><description>Introduction Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (FS), the fruit of Oleaceae plants, as a large part of traditional Chinese medicine, is classified as “Qingqiao (Q)” and “Laoqiao (L)” based on the harvest time. Because the maturation of FS is a gradual process, its accurate identification based on different maturity levels is an important issue. Objectives We suggest colorimetric, electronic tongue, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characteristic fingerprints to discriminate FS in different harvest periods. Material and methods First, FS fruits from different harvest times were collected, and then, their colour parameters, E‐tongue sensory properties, HPLC characteristic fingerprints, and contents of nominal ingredients were determined. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses, including three‐dimensional scatter plots, hierarchical cluster, principal component, linear discriminant, similarity, and partial least squares discriminant analyses were performed. Results The results demonstrated that the three experimental techniques could effectively discriminate FS based on different harvest times with 100% accuracy. Under the qualitative conditions, nine common peaks were identified in the HPLC fingerprints of 60 samples, among which, six peaks [variable importance in projection (VIP) &gt; 1] could be used as index peaks for qualitative identification. In fact, the contents of quality marker components, including forsythin, phillygenin, rutin and forsythoside A, were significant different (P &lt; 0.001) at different harvest times. Interestingly, the quality markers not only accurately reflected the maturity of FS but also showed close correlations with the colour parameters and sensory E‐tongue responses. Conclusion In our present investigation, bionic technologies, including a colorimeter, E‐tongue analysis, and HPLC characteristic fingerprints, combined with chemometrics, were employed to develop a novel and accurate method for discriminating FS based on different harvest times. Intelligent sensory technology was used to quickly identify Forsythia suspensa at different harvest times from external characters (color and taste). HPLC fingerprint technology can accurately identify Forsythia suspensa in different harvest periods from its internal chemical components. The combined application of the two techniques can quickly and accurately identify Forsythia suspensa in different harvest periods, and show the correlation of internal and external changes of Forsythia suspensa.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0958-0344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1099-1565</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/pca.3104</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35194875</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Bionics ; Chemometrics ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid - methods ; Colorimetry ; different harvest times ; Dimensional analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal - chemistry ; Electronic tongues ; Fingerprints ; Forsythia - chemistry ; Forsythia suspensa ; Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl ; Fruit - chemistry ; Fruits ; Herbal medicine ; High performance liquid chromatography ; HPLC characteristic fingerprint ; intelligent sensory technologies ; Liquid chromatography ; Markers ; Medicinal plants ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Parameters ; Rutin ; Sensory properties ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Traditional Chinese medicine</subject><ispartof>Phytochemical analysis, 2022-04, Vol.33 (3), p.490-501</ispartof><rights>2022 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3494-c15c0858d1b0dc2082468e92b4075c7e58752b967ec6f8dad549fb1390b0efbf3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3494-c15c0858d1b0dc2082468e92b4075c7e58752b967ec6f8dad549fb1390b0efbf3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8952-9917</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35194875$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pan, Meng Hua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, Ya Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Xue Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiang, Si Qi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ding, Yan Xia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Qin</creatorcontrib><title>Identification of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl in different harvest periods using intelligent sensory technologies, HPLC characteristic fingerprint coupled with chemometrics</title><title>Phytochemical analysis</title><addtitle>Phytochem Anal</addtitle><description>Introduction Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (FS), the fruit of Oleaceae plants, as a large part of traditional Chinese medicine, is classified as “Qingqiao (Q)” and “Laoqiao (L)” based on the harvest time. Because the maturation of FS is a gradual process, its accurate identification based on different maturity levels is an important issue. Objectives We suggest colorimetric, electronic tongue, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characteristic fingerprints to discriminate FS in different harvest periods. Material and methods First, FS fruits from different harvest times were collected, and then, their colour parameters, E‐tongue sensory properties, HPLC characteristic fingerprints, and contents of nominal ingredients were determined. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses, including three‐dimensional scatter plots, hierarchical cluster, principal component, linear discriminant, similarity, and partial least squares discriminant analyses were performed. Results The results demonstrated that the three experimental techniques could effectively discriminate FS based on different harvest times with 100% accuracy. Under the qualitative conditions, nine common peaks were identified in the HPLC fingerprints of 60 samples, among which, six peaks [variable importance in projection (VIP) &gt; 1] could be used as index peaks for qualitative identification. In fact, the contents of quality marker components, including forsythin, phillygenin, rutin and forsythoside A, were significant different (P &lt; 0.001) at different harvest times. Interestingly, the quality markers not only accurately reflected the maturity of FS but also showed close correlations with the colour parameters and sensory E‐tongue responses. Conclusion In our present investigation, bionic technologies, including a colorimeter, E‐tongue analysis, and HPLC characteristic fingerprints, combined with chemometrics, were employed to develop a novel and accurate method for discriminating FS based on different harvest times. Intelligent sensory technology was used to quickly identify Forsythia suspensa at different harvest times from external characters (color and taste). HPLC fingerprint technology can accurately identify Forsythia suspensa in different harvest periods from its internal chemical components. 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Vahl in different harvest periods using intelligent sensory technologies, HPLC characteristic fingerprint coupled with chemometrics</atitle><jtitle>Phytochemical analysis</jtitle><addtitle>Phytochem Anal</addtitle><date>2022-04</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>33</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>490</spage><epage>501</epage><pages>490-501</pages><issn>0958-0344</issn><eissn>1099-1565</eissn><abstract>Introduction Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (FS), the fruit of Oleaceae plants, as a large part of traditional Chinese medicine, is classified as “Qingqiao (Q)” and “Laoqiao (L)” based on the harvest time. Because the maturation of FS is a gradual process, its accurate identification based on different maturity levels is an important issue. Objectives We suggest colorimetric, electronic tongue, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characteristic fingerprints to discriminate FS in different harvest periods. Material and methods First, FS fruits from different harvest times were collected, and then, their colour parameters, E‐tongue sensory properties, HPLC characteristic fingerprints, and contents of nominal ingredients were determined. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses, including three‐dimensional scatter plots, hierarchical cluster, principal component, linear discriminant, similarity, and partial least squares discriminant analyses were performed. Results The results demonstrated that the three experimental techniques could effectively discriminate FS based on different harvest times with 100% accuracy. Under the qualitative conditions, nine common peaks were identified in the HPLC fingerprints of 60 samples, among which, six peaks [variable importance in projection (VIP) &gt; 1] could be used as index peaks for qualitative identification. In fact, the contents of quality marker components, including forsythin, phillygenin, rutin and forsythoside A, were significant different (P &lt; 0.001) at different harvest times. Interestingly, the quality markers not only accurately reflected the maturity of FS but also showed close correlations with the colour parameters and sensory E‐tongue responses. Conclusion In our present investigation, bionic technologies, including a colorimeter, E‐tongue analysis, and HPLC characteristic fingerprints, combined with chemometrics, were employed to develop a novel and accurate method for discriminating FS based on different harvest times. Intelligent sensory technology was used to quickly identify Forsythia suspensa at different harvest times from external characters (color and taste). HPLC fingerprint technology can accurately identify Forsythia suspensa in different harvest periods from its internal chemical components. The combined application of the two techniques can quickly and accurately identify Forsythia suspensa in different harvest periods, and show the correlation of internal and external changes of Forsythia suspensa.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>35194875</pmid><doi>10.1002/pca.3104</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8952-9917</orcidid></addata></record>
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subjects Bionics
Chemometrics
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid - methods
Colorimetry
different harvest times
Dimensional analysis
Drugs, Chinese Herbal - chemistry
Electronic tongues
Fingerprints
Forsythia - chemistry
Forsythia suspensa
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl
Fruit - chemistry
Fruits
Herbal medicine
High performance liquid chromatography
HPLC characteristic fingerprint
intelligent sensory technologies
Liquid chromatography
Markers
Medicinal plants
Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Parameters
Rutin
Sensory properties
Statistical analysis
Statistical methods
Traditional Chinese medicine
title Identification of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl in different harvest periods using intelligent sensory technologies, HPLC characteristic fingerprint coupled with chemometrics
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