Thrombotic burden, D-dimer levels and complete compression ultrasound for diagnosis of acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs

• Published in: Thrombosis research 2022-05, Vol.213, p.163-169
• Main Authors: Cosmi, Benilde, Legnani, Cristina, Cini, Michela, Tomba, Sara, Migliaccio, Ludovica, Borgese, Laura, Sartori, Michelangelo, Palareti, Gualtiero
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Algorithms; Complete compression ultrasound; D-dimer; Deep vein thrombosis; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Humans; Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis; Lower Extremity; Predictive Value of Tests; Thrombosis; Ultrasonography; Venous Thrombosis - diagnostic imaging
• ISSN: 0049-3848; 1879-2472
• DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.03.019

Diagnostic algorithms for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) include D-dimer for its high negative predictive value, thus reducing the need for imaging. Small thrombi may be associated with low D-dimer levels, increasing false negatives. To assess the sensitivity and thus the false negative rates of standard and age-adjusted D-dimer cut offs for isolated distal DVT (IDDVT) in outpatients. We enrolled consecutive outpatients with suspected DVT of the lower limbs referring to our vascular emergency department from 2009 to 2018. Patients underwent D-dimer testing (STA, Stago, cut-off: 500 μg/L), pretest clinical probability (PTP) evaluation and complete compression ultrasonography. Follow-up was 3 months. Among 3948 patients (M:1554–39%, median age 69), 486 proximal DVTs (12.3%) and 348 IDDVTs (8.8%) were diagnosed. Median D-dimer was higher in proximal than IDDVT (3960 vs 1400 μgr/L; p = 0.001). The false negative rate of the standard D-dimer cut-off was 2% (95%CI: 0.8–3.2%) for proximal DVT and 14.7% (95% CI: 11–81%) for IDDVT. The false negative rate of the age-adjusted cut-off was 4.9% (3–7%) for proximal DVT and 19.5% (95% CI: 15.4–24.7%) for IDDVT. Conclusions: Small calf thrombi are associated with low D-dimer levels, and age-adjusted D-dimer may be below the cut-off more frequently in subjects with IDDVT than standard cut-off D-dimer, although such D-dimer levels might exclude IDDVT that require treatment. •DVT diagnostic algorithms employ D-dimer for its high negative predictive value, thus reducing the need for imaging•Small thrombi can be associated with low D-dimer levels, possibly thus reducing the yield of diagnostic algorithms•D-dimer levels correlate with the extent of DVT, and small calf thrombi are associated with low D dimer levels•D-dimer levels correlate with the extent of DVT, and small calf thrombi are associated with low D dimer levels.•Age-adjusted D-dimer are below the cut-off more frequently in subjects with IDDVT than standard cut-off D-dimer