A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between the Severity of Dental Fluorosis and Fluoride Biomarkers in Endemic Areas

The intake of high concentrations of fluoride, mainly through drinking water, diet and fluoridated dentifrices, produces fluorosis, which in its early stages is manifested as dental fluorosis (DF). To recognize exposure to fluoride in endemic areas and to evaluate the risk of developing health impai...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biological trace element research 2023-03, Vol.201 (3), p.1051-1062
Main Authors: Lavalle-Carrasco, Jesús, Vergara-Onofre, Marcela, González-González, Rogelio, Bologna-Molina, Ronell, Isiordia-Espinoza, Mario Alberto, Gaona, Enrique, Molina-Frechero, Nelly
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis
Biochemistry
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - analysis
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biotechnology
Dental fluorosis
Dentifrices
Diet
Drinking water
Drinking Water - analysis
Fluorides
Fluorides - analysis
Fluorine
Fluorosis
Fluorosis, Dental - epidemiology
Humans
Life Sciences
Meta-analysis
Nails (Anatomy)
Nutrition
Oncology
Prevalence
Saliva
Search engines
Systematic review
Urine
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Summary:The intake of high concentrations of fluoride, mainly through drinking water, diet and fluoridated dentifrices, produces fluorosis, which in its early stages is manifested as dental fluorosis (DF). To recognize exposure to fluoride in endemic areas and to evaluate the risk of developing health impairment, the WHO has established several biomarkers that are used to determine systemic fluorine (F − ) exposure. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between the severity of DF and fluoride biomarkers in endemic areas. The protocol of this study was previously registered as CRD42021244974. A digital search was carried out in PubMed/Medline, SpringerLink, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar by employing the keywords “urine”, “nails”, “hair”, “plasma”, “saliva” and “dental fluorosis” for the original studies with content associated with F − for the biomarkers and DF. The mean difference was established as the effect measure for the meta-analysis. Seven studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria, among which five assessed urine and two employed nails as fluoride biomarkers. A positive significant difference was found between the biomarkers and the severity of DF (0.27, p  
ISSN:0163-4984
1559-0720
DOI:10.1007/s12011-022-03227-1