A Practical Guide to Lower Extremity Nerve Blocks for the Sports Medicine Surgeon

• Published in: The American journal of sports medicine 2023-01, Vol.51 (1), p.279-297
• Main Authors: Crutchfield, Connor R., Schweppe, Eric A., Padaki, Ajay S., Steinl, Gabrielle K., Roller, Brian A., Brown, Anthony R., Lynch, T. Sean
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Femoral Nerve; Humans; Literature reviews; Lower Extremity - surgery; Nerve Block - methods; Orthopedics; Pain, Postoperative - prevention & control; Sports medicine; Surgeons; Ultrasonic imaging
• ISSN: 0363-5465; 1552-3365
• DOI: 10.1177/03635465211051757

Background: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are vital in the administration of surgical analgesia and have grown in popularity for use in lower extremity arthroscopic procedures because of their capacity to safely and effectively control pain. The number and specificity of PNBs, however, have made choosing the best option for a procedure nebulous for orthopaedic surgeons. Purpose: To present a narrative literature review of the PNBs available for arthroscopic hip and knee procedures that is adapted to an audience of orthopaedic surgeons. Study Design: Narrative literature review. Methods: A combination of the names of various lower extremity PNBs AND “hip arthroscopy” OR “knee arthroscopy” was used to search the English medical literature including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Scopus. Placement technique, specificity of blockade, efficacy, and complications were assessed. Searches were performed through May 2, 2021. Results: A total of 157 studies were included in this review of lower extremity PNBs. Femoral nerve, lumbar plexus, sciatic nerve, and fascia iliaca compartment blocks were most commonly used in arthroscopic hip surgery, while femoral nerve, 3-in-1, and adductor canal blocks were preferred for arthroscopic knee surgery. Each block demonstrated a significant benefit (P > .05) in ≥1 of the following outcomes: intraoperative morphine, pain scores, nausea, and/or opioid consumption. Combination blocks including the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block, obturator nerve block, quadratus lumborum block, and L1 and L2 paravertebral block have also been described. Complication rates ranged from 0% to 4.8% in those administered with ultrasound guidance. The most commonly reported complications included muscular weakness, postoperative falls, neuropathy, intravascular and intraneural injections, and hematomas. Conclusion: When administered properly, PNBs were a safe and effective adjuvant method of pain control with a significant potential to limit postoperative narcotic use. While blockade choice varies by surgeon preference and procedure, all PNBs should be administered with ultrasound guidance, and vigilant protocols for the risk of postoperative falls should be exercised in patients who receive them.