Neuromuscular response to the stimulation of plantar cutaneous during walking at different speeds

• Published in: Gait & posture 2022-06, Vol.95, p.84-92
• Main Authors: Palazzo, Francesco, Lamouchideli, Niloofar, Caronti, Alfio, Tufi, Fabrizio, Padua, Elvira, Annino, Giuseppe
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Biomechanical Phenomena; Co-contraction; Foot; Foot Orthoses; Gait; Gait - physiology; Humans; Plantar mechanoreceptors; Sensory input; Shoes; Textured insoles; Walking - physiology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0966-6362; 1879-2219
• DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.04.002

A lot of authors have been studied the consequence of postural control strategies through investigating the effects of foot-surface contact. In this context an important variable of textured surfaces or insoles could be related to material stiffness. We apply a particular textured insoles to evaluate neuromuscular response of plantar stimulation during walking. Research question: Could textured insoles alter the human locomotion during walking at different speeds? Methods: Ten adults (age: 27 ± 5 years) completed three trials on the multifunction treadmill at 0.42 ms-1, 0.89 ms-1, and 1.5 ms-1 walking speed. Temporal-spatial parameters, gait line, and kinetic parameters were analyzed. The Co-Contraction Index (CCI) and electromyography (EMG) of the right leg muscles were assessed during four phases of gait: first half stance (FHS), half stance (HS), second half stance (SHS), swing phase (SP). Textured insole and soft control insole were worn while walking. Results: Plantar stimulation improved cadence, stride time, stride length and gait line parameters with increasing speed. First force peaks and maximum force forefoot were always significant. The maximum force midfoot was significant at 0.42 and 0.89 ms-1. The maximum force heel only was significant in lower velocity. The maximum pressure showed different significant values except for the heel. Significant differences in the CCI were always found in the FHS and SHS for the plantar muscles, and in the FHS and HS for the knee muscles. The differences in gait analysis in biomechanical and in electromyographic parameters were more significant in the higher speed tested. Significance: The perception of shape and texture through its linear response to skin deformation over a wide range of deformations could be the reason why the significant differences increase in the higher speed. In conclusion, sensory interventions fallowing appropriate insoles can influence significantly gait. Walking strategy positively adjusts locomotion with high efficiency. •Textured insoles has potentially beneficial effects on gait performance.•Platar stimulation positively influencing the agonist / antagonist muscle contraction ratio.•Sensory input on plantar pressure are time-dependent.•Plantar stimulation acts positively on the ground reaction force.