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Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production
The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions. State-of-the-art characterization illustrated that the synthesized catalyst has high stability through the thermal test, hig...
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| Published in: | RSC advances 2020-07, Vol.1 (45), p.27183-27193 |
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| container_end_page | 27193 |
| container_issue | 45 |
| container_start_page | 27183 |
| container_title | RSC advances |
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| creator | Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah Rashid, Umer Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit Azam, Muhammad |
| description | The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions. State-of-the-art characterization illustrated that the synthesized catalyst has high stability through the thermal test, high BET surface area of 438.08 m
2
g
−1
, pore volume of 0.367 cm
3
g
−1
and pore width of 3.8 nm. The high amount of basicity (8.866 mmol g
−1
) and acidity (27.016 mmol g
−1
) promoted the successfulness of simultaneous transesterification-esterification. The investigation revealed that the combination of potassium and copper on activated carbon surface showed good catalytic activity by giving 95.0% FAME yield and 97.3% FFA conversion at a relatively mild condition of 5 wt% catalyst loading, 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio at 80 °C for 4 hours with FAME yield > 80% after 5 reaction cycles. Characterization of the spent catalyst showed that the amount of basicity was reduced to 3.106 mmol g
−1
, which validated the reduction of the catalytic performance. The usage of waste material was successfully discovered in producing an effective bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) and has high potential for commercialization in the future.
The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1039/d0ra04306k |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_rsc_p</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2661081153</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2427524512</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-7f99f1ce7f91eed6171d49fc136bea62892d8a978d0cded16f8611a928a4e5173</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kstvFSEUxonR2KZ2416DcdOYXOUwwMxsTJpaH7GJiY814fLw0jIwAqO5_73YW6_VhWwOyfc7Xw7nA6GHQJ4D6cYXhmRFWEfE1R10SAkTK0rEePfW_QAdl3JJ2hEcqID76KDjHHgvyCGaP21j3djiC04Or71boq4-RRVwVDFpVVXYlopdThP-oUq1eFZhwlc2Rxtw2dgQsIoG-1qwmufgW0vrxy7lZpeMt6Vxc05muTZ-gO45FYo9vqlH6Mvr889nb1cXH968Ozu9WGnGWV31bhwdaNsqWGsE9GDY6DR0Ym2VoMNIzaDGfjBEG2tAuEEAqJEOilkOfXeEXu5852U9WaNtrFkFOWc_qbyVSXn5txL9Rn5N3-VIOOeMNoOTG4Ocvi22VDn5ottzVbRpKZIKAWQA4F1Dn_6DXqYltx02itGeU9YW36hnO0rnVEq2bj8MEPkrS_mKfDy9zvJ9gx_fHn-P_k6uAY92QC56r_75DE1_8j9dzsZ1PwFBWrGS</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2427524512</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production</title><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah ; Rashid, Umer ; Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin ; Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman ; Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit ; Azam, Muhammad</creator><creatorcontrib>Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah ; Rashid, Umer ; Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin ; Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman ; Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit ; Azam, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><description>The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions. State-of-the-art characterization illustrated that the synthesized catalyst has high stability through the thermal test, high BET surface area of 438.08 m
2
g
−1
, pore volume of 0.367 cm
3
g
−1
and pore width of 3.8 nm. The high amount of basicity (8.866 mmol g
−1
) and acidity (27.016 mmol g
−1
) promoted the successfulness of simultaneous transesterification-esterification. The investigation revealed that the combination of potassium and copper on activated carbon surface showed good catalytic activity by giving 95.0% FAME yield and 97.3% FFA conversion at a relatively mild condition of 5 wt% catalyst loading, 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio at 80 °C for 4 hours with FAME yield > 80% after 5 reaction cycles. Characterization of the spent catalyst showed that the amount of basicity was reduced to 3.106 mmol g
−1
, which validated the reduction of the catalytic performance. The usage of waste material was successfully discovered in producing an effective bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) and has high potential for commercialization in the future.
The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2046-2069</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2046-2069</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04306k</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35515760</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Royal Society of Chemistry</publisher><subject>Activated carbon ; Basicity ; Biodiesel fuels ; Catalysts ; Catalytic activity ; Chemical synthesis ; Chemistry ; Commercialization ; Cooking ; Esterification ; Kernels ; Transesterification</subject><ispartof>RSC advances, 2020-07, Vol.1 (45), p.27183-27193</ispartof><rights>This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.</rights><rights>Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry 2020</rights><rights>This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 The Royal Society of Chemistry</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-7f99f1ce7f91eed6171d49fc136bea62892d8a978d0cded16f8611a928a4e5173</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-7f99f1ce7f91eed6171d49fc136bea62892d8a978d0cded16f8611a928a4e5173</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6224-413X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9055542/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9055542/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35515760$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Umer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azam, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><title>Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production</title><title>RSC advances</title><addtitle>RSC Adv</addtitle><description>The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions. State-of-the-art characterization illustrated that the synthesized catalyst has high stability through the thermal test, high BET surface area of 438.08 m
2
g
−1
, pore volume of 0.367 cm
3
g
−1
and pore width of 3.8 nm. The high amount of basicity (8.866 mmol g
−1
) and acidity (27.016 mmol g
−1
) promoted the successfulness of simultaneous transesterification-esterification. The investigation revealed that the combination of potassium and copper on activated carbon surface showed good catalytic activity by giving 95.0% FAME yield and 97.3% FFA conversion at a relatively mild condition of 5 wt% catalyst loading, 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio at 80 °C for 4 hours with FAME yield > 80% after 5 reaction cycles. Characterization of the spent catalyst showed that the amount of basicity was reduced to 3.106 mmol g
−1
, which validated the reduction of the catalytic performance. The usage of waste material was successfully discovered in producing an effective bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) and has high potential for commercialization in the future.
The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions.</description><subject>Activated carbon</subject><subject>Basicity</subject><subject>Biodiesel fuels</subject><subject>Catalysts</subject><subject>Catalytic activity</subject><subject>Chemical synthesis</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Commercialization</subject><subject>Cooking</subject><subject>Esterification</subject><subject>Kernels</subject><subject>Transesterification</subject><issn>2046-2069</issn><issn>2046-2069</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kstvFSEUxonR2KZ2416DcdOYXOUwwMxsTJpaH7GJiY814fLw0jIwAqO5_73YW6_VhWwOyfc7Xw7nA6GHQJ4D6cYXhmRFWEfE1R10SAkTK0rEePfW_QAdl3JJ2hEcqID76KDjHHgvyCGaP21j3djiC04Or71boq4-RRVwVDFpVVXYlopdThP-oUq1eFZhwlc2Rxtw2dgQsIoG-1qwmufgW0vrxy7lZpeMt6Vxc05muTZ-gO45FYo9vqlH6Mvr889nb1cXH968Ozu9WGnGWV31bhwdaNsqWGsE9GDY6DR0Ym2VoMNIzaDGfjBEG2tAuEEAqJEOilkOfXeEXu5852U9WaNtrFkFOWc_qbyVSXn5txL9Rn5N3-VIOOeMNoOTG4Ocvi22VDn5ottzVbRpKZIKAWQA4F1Dn_6DXqYltx02itGeU9YW36hnO0rnVEq2bj8MEPkrS_mKfDy9zvJ9gx_fHn-P_k6uAY92QC56r_75DE1_8j9dzsZ1PwFBWrGS</recordid><startdate>20200721</startdate><enddate>20200721</enddate><creator>Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah</creator><creator>Rashid, Umer</creator><creator>Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin</creator><creator>Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman</creator><creator>Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit</creator><creator>Azam, Muhammad</creator><general>Royal Society of Chemistry</general><general>The Royal Society of Chemistry</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6224-413X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200721</creationdate><title>Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production</title><author>Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah ; Rashid, Umer ; Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin ; Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman ; Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit ; Azam, Muhammad</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-7f99f1ce7f91eed6171d49fc136bea62892d8a978d0cded16f8611a928a4e5173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Activated carbon</topic><topic>Basicity</topic><topic>Biodiesel fuels</topic><topic>Catalysts</topic><topic>Catalytic activity</topic><topic>Chemical synthesis</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Commercialization</topic><topic>Cooking</topic><topic>Esterification</topic><topic>Kernels</topic><topic>Transesterification</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Umer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azam, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>RSC advances</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah</au><au>Rashid, Umer</au><au>Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin</au><au>Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman</au><au>Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit</au><au>Azam, Muhammad</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production</atitle><jtitle>RSC advances</jtitle><addtitle>RSC Adv</addtitle><date>2020-07-21</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>1</volume><issue>45</issue><spage>27183</spage><epage>27193</epage><pages>27183-27193</pages><issn>2046-2069</issn><eissn>2046-2069</eissn><abstract>The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions. State-of-the-art characterization illustrated that the synthesized catalyst has high stability through the thermal test, high BET surface area of 438.08 m
2
g
−1
, pore volume of 0.367 cm
3
g
−1
and pore width of 3.8 nm. The high amount of basicity (8.866 mmol g
−1
) and acidity (27.016 mmol g
−1
) promoted the successfulness of simultaneous transesterification-esterification. The investigation revealed that the combination of potassium and copper on activated carbon surface showed good catalytic activity by giving 95.0% FAME yield and 97.3% FFA conversion at a relatively mild condition of 5 wt% catalyst loading, 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio at 80 °C for 4 hours with FAME yield > 80% after 5 reaction cycles. Characterization of the spent catalyst showed that the amount of basicity was reduced to 3.106 mmol g
−1
, which validated the reduction of the catalytic performance. The usage of waste material was successfully discovered in producing an effective bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) and has high potential for commercialization in the future.
The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification-esterification under mild conditions.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Royal Society of Chemistry</pub><pmid>35515760</pmid><doi>10.1039/d0ra04306k</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6224-413X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2046-2069 |
| ispartof | RSC advances, 2020-07, Vol.1 (45), p.27183-27193 |
| issn | 2046-2069 2046-2069 |
| language | eng |
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| source | PubMed Central |
| subjects | Activated carbon Basicity Biodiesel fuels Catalysts Catalytic activity Chemical synthesis Chemistry Commercialization Cooking Esterification Kernels Transesterification |
| title | Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production |
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