Decarceration of older adults with mental illness in the USA – beyond the COVID-19 pandemic

• Published in: International journal of prisoner health 2022-06, Vol.18 (2), p.213-226
• Main Authors: Tronick, Lauren N., Amendolara, Benjamin, Morris, Nathaniel P., Longley, Joseph, Kois, Lauren E., Canada, Kelli E., Augustine, Dallas, Zaller, Nickolas
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adults; Age; Aged; Aging; Attention; Chronic illnesses; Coronaviruses; Correctional institutions; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; Criminal sentences; Detention; Diabetes; Disease control; Disease transmission; Early release; Government publications; Humans; Illnesses; Imprisonment; Infectious diseases; Internet resources; Literature reviews; Medical personnel; Mental disorders; Mental Disorders - epidemiology; Mental health care; Narratives; Older people; Pandemics; Police; Policy making; Pretrial; Prisoners; Prisons; Public Health; Schizophrenia; Scientific papers; Search engines; State government; Synthesis; Treatment needs; United States - epidemiology
• ISSN: 1744-9200; 1744-9219; 1744-9219
• DOI: 10.1108/IJPH-06-2021-0049

Purpose Aging and mental illness both represent significant public health challenges for incarcerated people in the USA. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the vulnerabilities of incarcerated people because of the risks of infectious disease transmission in correctional facilities. Focusing on older adults with mental illness, this paper aims to examine efforts to decarcerate US correctional facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether these approaches may lead to sustainable reforms beyond the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach A narrative literature review was conducted using numerous online resources, including PubMed, Google Scholar and LexisNexis. Search terms used included “decarceration pandemic,” “COVID-19 decarceration,” “aging mental illness decarceration,” “jails prisons decarceration,” “early release COVID-19” and “correctional decarceration pandemic,” among others. Given the rapidly changing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, this narrative literature review included content from not only scholarly articles and federal and state government publications but also relevant media articles and policy-related reports. The authors reviewed these sources collaboratively to synthesize a review of existing evidence and opinions on these topics and generate conclusions and policy recommendations moving forward. Findings To mitigate the risks of COVID-19, policymakers have pursued various decarceration strategies across the USA. Some efforts have focused on reducing inflow into correctional systems, including advising police to reduce numbers of arrests and limiting use of pretrial detention. Other policies have sought to increase outflow from correctional systems, such as facilitating early release of people convicted of nonviolent offenses or those nearing the end of their sentences. Given the well-known risks of COVID-19 among older individuals, age was commonly cited as a reason for diverting or expediting release of people from incarceration. In contrast, despite their vulnerability to complications from COVID-19, people with serious mental illness (SMI), particularly those with acute treatment needs, may have been less likely in some instances to be diverted or released early from incarceration. Originality/value Although much has been written about decarceration during the COVID-19 pandemic, little attention has been paid to the relevance of these efforts for older adults with mental illness. This paper synthesizes existing propo