The What-and-Where Filter: A Spatial Mapping Neural Network for Object Recognition and Image Understanding

• Published in: Computer vision and image understanding 1998-01, Vol.69 (1), p.1-22
• Main Authors: Carpenter, Gail A., Grossberg, Stephen, Lesher, Gregory W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; control theory; systems; Connectionism. Neural networks; Exact sciences and technology; Information, signal and communications theory; Pattern recognition; Pattern recognition. Digital image processing. Computational geometry; Signal processing; Telecommunications and information theory
• ISSN: 1077-3142; 1090-235X
• DOI: 10.1006/cviu.1997.0561

The What-and-Where filter forms part of a neural network architecture for spatial mapping, object recognition, and image understanding. The Where filter responds to an image figure that has been separated from its background. It generates a spatial map whose cell activations simultaneously represent the position, orientation, and size of all the figures in a scene (where they are). This spatial map may be used to direct spatially localized attention to these image features. A multiscale array of oriented detectors, followed by competitive and interpolative interactions between position, orientation, and size scales, is used to define the Where filter. This analysis discloses several issues that need to be dealt with by a spatial mapping system that is based upon oriented filters, such as the role of cliff filters with and without normalization, the double peak problem of maximum orientation across size scale, and the different self-similar interpolation properties across orientation than across size scale. Several computationally efficient Where filters are proposed. The Where filter may be used for parallel transformation of multiple image figures into invariant representations that are insensitive to the figures' original position, orientation, and size. These invariant figural representations form part of a system devoted to attentive object learning and recognition (what it is). Unlike some alternative models where serial search for a target occurs, a What and Where representation can be used to rapidly search in parallel for a desired target in a scene. Such a representation can also be used to learn multidimensional representations of objects and their spatial relationships for purposes of image understanding. The What-and-Where filter is inspired by neurobiological data showing that a Where processing stream in the cerebral cortex is used for attentive spatial localization and orientation, whereas a What processing stream is used for attentive object learning and recognition.