Detection of invisible dental biofilm using light-induced autofluorescence in adult patients–A systematic review

• Published in: Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2022-09, Vol.39, p.102916-102916, Article 102916
• Main Authors: Joseph, Betsy, Gopalakrishnan, Sandeep, Alamoudi, Rana A., Alamoudi, Ruaa A., Pachathundikandi, Suneesh K, Alotaibi, Rasha N., Anil, Sukumaran
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biofilm; Dental biofilm detection; Light-induced autofluorescence; Oral hygiene; Periodontal disease; Spectroscopy
• ISSN: 1572-1000; 1873-1597
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102916

•The studies included in this review compared plaque scores with the intensity of light-induced autofluorescence from plaque in adult patients.•The intensity of excitation light, the fluorophore's quantum efficiency, and its saturation also influence the fluorescence signals.•The responsible species for the emissions could be Prevotella melaninogenica, Actinomyces israelii, Candida albicans (red and orange fluorescence), and Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococci species (green fluorescence). Autofluorescence (AF) spectroscopy is a potent yet non-invasive technique with diagnostic and therapeutic applications. It identifies and characterizes changes occurring in the human body based on the changes in the fluorescence signatures. The primary purpose of this systematic review is to address the question "Is it feasible to detect dental plaque using light-induced auto-fluorescence in adult patients with invisible grade 1 plaque?" The literature search was conducted independently MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases for relevant studies from January 2000 and June 2021, using the following terms in various combinations: detection, dental biofilm, plaque, light, auto-fluorescence, caries, gingivitis, sensitivity and specificity. Studies describing various fluorescence techniques for the detection of plaque, including sensitivity and specificity, were included. The majority of the studies indicated that AF spectroscopy allows fluorescence-based detection of various diseases, including early-stage dental plaque. While results of conventional plaque detection techniques are inconsistent, the data from the AF technique is reliable and reproducible, which can be used for patient documentation. However, a wide range of non-uniformity existed in these studies. AF spectroscopy, as a non-invasive technique, represents a viable and patient-friendly clinical tool for the early detection of dental biofilm plaque, and its meticulous removal has been directly responsible for the prevention of this disease. Despite the heterogeneity and limitations of studies included in this review, the future for light-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy technologies in diagnostic dentistry certainly presents an accurate and potentially applicable option.