Comparison of urine trace element levels in tramadol addiction alone and its co-abuse with cigarette and opium in Western Iran

Tramadol is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. Tramadol consumers tend to co-abuse some other substances such as opium, cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis and each of these substances may impair trace elements homeostasis in the body. Therefore, this case–control study a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2022-11, Vol.29 (51), p.77375-77385
Main Authors: Farnia, Vahid, Nakhaee, Samaneh, Azadi, Nammamali, Khanegi, Maryam, Ahmadi-Jouybari, Toraj, Mansouri, Borhan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Addictions
Age factors
Aquatic Pollution
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Cadmium
Cannabis
Chromium
Cigarettes
Cobalt
Copper
Drug abuse
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental science
Heavy metals
Homeostasis
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Metal concentrations
Pain
Regression analysis
Regression models
Research Article
Selenium
Sex
Smoking
Trace elements
Tramadol
Urine
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
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Summary:Tramadol is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. Tramadol consumers tend to co-abuse some other substances such as opium, cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis and each of these substances may impair trace elements homeostasis in the body. Therefore, this case–control study aimed to compare the urinary concentration of some essential and toxic elements in tramadol addiction alone and its co-abuse with cigarette and opium in Western Iran. For this purpose, urine samples were collected in two groups of tramadol ( n  = 72) and control subjects ( n  = 62) from March to November 2020. The case group was divided into three groups: tramadol alone, tramadol + opium, and tramadol + cigarettes. Moreover, ICP-MS (Agilent 7900) was used to measure trace element concentrations in the urine samples. Based on our results, Fe was the only element markedly higher among controls as compared to tramadol users ( p  
ISSN:0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-022-21271-1