Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma: A Review

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a relatively uncommon tumor in the dog and comprises approximately 17% of perianal malignancies; however, it is one of the most common causes of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Clinical signs in affected dogs most commonly are associated with mechanic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Topics in companion animal medicine 2022-09, Vol.50, p.100682-100682, Article 100682
Main Authors: Repasy, Alec B., Selmic, Laura E., Kisseberth, William C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adenocarcinoma
Anorexia
apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma
Bisphosphonates
Cancer
canine cancer
Chemotherapy
Dogs
Health services
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Infections
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic system
Lymphoma
Medical prognosis
Metastases
Metastasis
Pathogenesis
perianal tumor
Radiation
Radiation therapy
Tumors
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Summary:Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a relatively uncommon tumor in the dog and comprises approximately 17% of perianal malignancies; however, it is one of the most common causes of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Clinical signs in affected dogs most commonly are associated with mechanical obstruction caused by the primary tumor or enlarged regional metastatic lymph nodes and the effects of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia when present. Surgical excision of the primary tumor and metastasectomy of affected locoregional lymph nodes is the preferred initial treatment option for most dogs, although radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are commonly incorporated into multi-modality treatment plans. A significant role for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy has not been clearly demonstrated. Prolonged survival times are possible, especially for dogs with smaller primary tumors and for dogs that undergo further treatments for recurrent disease. In this article, we review the clinical signs, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of AGASAC in the dog.
ISSN:1938-9736
1946-9837
1876-7613
DOI:10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100682