Linear imaging theory for differential phase contrast and other phase imaging modes in scanning transmission electron microscopy

•Linear imaging theory for DPC and other phase imaging modes in STEM is developed, considering specimen thickness and weak absorption.•The proposed theory explains the imaging characteristics of DPC STEM and related phase imaging modes.•Understanding the imaging characteristics helps in adjusting ab...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ultramicroscopy 2022-10, Vol.240, p.113580-113580, Article 113580
Main Authors: Seki, Takehito, Khare, Kushagra, Murakami, Yoshiki O., Toyama, Satoko, Sánchez-Santolino, Gabriel, Sasaki, Hirokazu, Findlay, Scott D., Petersen, Timothy C., Ikuhara, Yuichi, Shibata, Naoya
Format: Article
Language:English
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Summary:•Linear imaging theory for DPC and other phase imaging modes in STEM is developed, considering specimen thickness and weak absorption.•The proposed theory explains the imaging characteristics of DPC STEM and related phase imaging modes.•Understanding the imaging characteristics helps in adjusting aberrations in DPC STEM. We propose a linear imaging theory for differential phase contrast under the weak-phase-weak-amplitude object approximation. Contrast transfer functions are defined for thin and thick weak objects, and they successfully describe several imaging characteristics of differential phase contrast. We discuss the defocus dependence of the contrast for several examples: atomic resolution, a p-n junction, a heterointerface, and grain boundaries. Understanding the imaging characteristics helps in adjusting aberrations in DPC STEM.
ISSN:0304-3991
1879-2723
DOI:10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113580