Studies on the partial characterization of extracted glycosaminoglycans from fish waste and its potentiality in modulating obesity through in-vitro and in-vivo

• Published in: Glycoconjugate journal 2022-08, Vol.39 (4), p.525-542
• Main Authors: V, Geetha, Das, Moumita, Zarei, Mehrdad, VP, Mayookha, Harohally, Nanishankar V, G, Suresh Kumar
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biochemistry; Biological activity; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Carbohydrate metabolism; Cell differentiation; Cholesterol; Fatty-acid synthase; Fourier transforms; Glucose tolerance; Glucose transporter; Glycoconjugates; Glycosaminoglycans; Hydroxylase; Hypolipidemic activity; Infrared spectroscopy; Insulin; Insulin resistance; Life Sciences; Lipid metabolism; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Low density lipoprotein; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Obesity; Original Article; Pathology; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; Polysaccharides; Receptor density; Scanning electron microscopy; Uronic acid
• ISSN: 0282-0080; 1573-4986
• DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10077-5

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are bioactive polysaccharides or glycoconjugates found in the fish waste having significant health impacts. In the present study it has been attempted to extract GAGs from mackerel fish waste through chemical and enzymatic methods. Further, the extracted GAGs (e-GAGs) were analyzed for their composition (uronic acid, total sugar & sulfate), chemical characterization was carried out through techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) & Proton NMR. Further, probable major GAGs present was identified by enzymatic digestion. The biological potential of the extracted glycoconjugate was assessed further through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In-vitro biological activity showed good lipase inhibition (IC 50 , 2.6 mg/mL) and bile acid binding properties (dose-dependent). Lipid accumulation lowered in the e-GAGs differentiated 3T3L1 preadipocyte cells have also been observed. The high fat fed animal ( in-vivo) study showed ameliorative effect via reducing blood sugar∼1.28↓, lipid profile↓, plasma insulin∼3.5↓, improved glucose tolerance, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, ∼3.0↓). Furthermore, elimination of bile acid (BA) due to GAG-BA binding properties resultant in removal of elevated fecal triglyceride and cholesterol suggesting its lipid lowering activity. Regulation of various proteins linked to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism including fatty acid synthase (FAS), low density lipoproteins receptor (LDL-R), 7α-hydroxylase, glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ ) were significant (p