Fast water transport and molecular sieving through ultrathin ordered conjugated-polymer-framework membranes

• Published in: Nature materials 2022-10, Vol.21 (10), p.1183-1190
• Main Authors: Shen, Jie, Cai, Yichen, Zhang, Chenhui, Wei, Wan, Chen, Cailing, Liu, Lingmei, Yang, Kuiwei, Ma, Yinchang, Wang, Yingge, Tseng, Chien-Chih, Fu, Jui-Han, Dong, Xinglong, Li, Jiaqiang, Zhang, Xi-Xiang, Li, Lain-Jong, Jiang, Jianwen, Pinnau, Ingo, Tung, Vincent, Han, Yu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 639/301/299/1013; 639/301/357/1018; 639/638/898; Alignment; Biomaterials; Carbon; Carbon nanotubes; Channels; Chemical vapor deposition; Chemistry and Materials Science; Condensed Matter Physics; Fabrication; Graphene; Materials Science; Membranes; Molecular dynamics; Nanomaterials; Nanotechnology; Optical and Electronic Materials; Osmosis; Osmotic pressure; Polymer films; Polymers; Rejection; Salt rejection; Selectivity; Separation; Sodium chloride; Solutes; Thickness; Transport properties; Water chemistry; Water transport
• ISSN: 1476-1122; 1476-4660
• DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01325-y

The development of membranes that block solutes while allowing rapid water transport is of great importance. The microstructure of the membrane needs to be rationally designed at the molecular level to achieve precise molecular sieving and high water flux simultaneously. We report the design and fabrication of ultrathin, ordered conjugated-polymer-framework (CPF) films with thicknesses down to 1 nm via chemical vapour deposition and their performance as separation membranes. Our CPF membranes inherently have regular rhombic sub-nanometre (10.3 × 3.7 Å) channels, unlike membranes made of carbon nanotubes or graphene, whose separation performance depends on the alignment or stacking of materials. The optimized membrane exhibited a high water/NaCl selectivity of ∼6,900 and water permeance of ∼112 mol m −2  h −1  bar −1 , and salt rejection >99.5% in high-salinity mixed-ion separations driven by osmotic pressure. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that water molecules quickly and collectively pass through the membrane by forming a continuous three-dimensional network within the hydrophobic channels. The advent of ordered CPF provides a route towards developing carbon-based membranes for precise molecular separation. Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene show intriguing molecular transport properties, but to achieve regular channels over a large area requires perfect sheet alignment. Here, a large-area two-dimensional conjugated-polymer-framework is grown with regular pore distribution, enabling 99.5% salt rejection by forward osmosis.