Acetogenin-induced fibrotic heart disease from avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) poisoning in horses

• Published in: Toxicon (Oxford) 2022-11, Vol.219, p.106921-106921, Article 106921
• Main Authors: Freitas, Marina S., Pereira, Asheley H.B., Pereira, Gabriela O., Menezes, Islaine S., Lucena, Alessandra R., Almeida, Carolina R.F., Pereira, Erinaldo G., Santos, Leandro A., Tozin, Luiz R.S., Alves, Flávio M., Macedo, Arthur L., Silva, Denise B., Ubiali, Daniel G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetogenin; Avocadene 1–acetate; Avocado; Cardiomyopathy; Lauraceae; Persin
• ISSN: 0041-0101; 1879-3150
• DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.007

Poisoning by avocado (Persea americana) has been confirmed in sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits and ostriches. The clinical signs and lesions are attributed to the acetogenin, persin. Little is known regarding the epidemiology, clinical signs, lesions and therapy caused by acetogenin–induced heart damage. During the two–year study, we investigated a horse farm with six horses that often fed themselves with P. americana leaves or mature fruit pulp and skin on the ground. Two horses died, and one underwent necropsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry using the anti–cardiac troponin C (cTnC). Grossly and histopathologically, there was severe cardiac fibroplasia. Immunohistochemically, there was a multifocal decrease or negative expression in the cTnC cardiomyocytes' cytoplasm. Persea americana leaves were confirmed in the alimentary tract using botanical anatomy and molecular techniques. The chemical investigation by (LC–ESI–MS) revealed the presence of the acetogenins, persin and avocadene 1–acetate from P. americana. Persin was present in leaves and fruits (seed and pulp), while avocadene 1–acetate was found in leaves and fruits (seed, peel, and pulp) with a higher concentration in the pulp. Four other horses have been examined by electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and serum Troponin 1 (cTnI). To establish a causal effect of consumption of P. Americana and heart fibroplasia in horses, long-time experiments must be carried out. [Display omitted] •Avocado (Persea americana) contains the acetogenins, persin and avocadene 1-acetogen.•Horses readily consume the leaves and fruits of avocados.•P. americana poisoning causes myocardial lesions and clinical signs in horses.•The sampling of gastrointestinal ingesta is essential for the diagnosis of poisoning.•The cultivars Reed, Margarina and Fortuna contain high levels of acetogenin.