Exposure characteristics of phthalate metabolites among the Zunyi cohort of pregnant women in Southwest China

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2022-08, Vol.29 (39), p.58869-58880
• Main Authors: Liao, Juan, Fang, Derong, Liu, Yijun, Xiong, Shimin, Wang, Xia, Tian, Yingkuan, Zhang, Haonan, An, Songlin, He, Caidie, Chen, Wei, Liu, Xiang, Wu, Nian, Tian, Kunming, Wang, Linglu, Zhang, Ya, Yuan, Hongyu, Zhang, Li, Li, Quan, Shen, Xubo, Zhou, Yuanzhong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Body mass index; Body size; China; Demographics; Demography; Differential distribution; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Exposure; Fetuses; health promotion; income; lifestyle; Metabolites; n-Butyl phthalate; Passive smoking; Phthalates; Population studies; Pregnancy; Research Article; Seasonal distribution; summer; Urine; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Womens health
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19990-6

Reported evidence has increasingly indicated that exposure to phthalates can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, phthalate exposure levels among pregnant women remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the concentrations and predictors of phthalate metabolites in urine samples of the ongoing Zunyi cohort of pregnant women from Southwest China. The urine samples were collected from 1003 pregnant women during their third trimester of pregnancy. The concentrations of nine phthalate metabolites in urine samples were then determined. Data on socio-demographic profiles of the participants, lifestyle during pregnancy, parity, and sampling season were collected using questionnaires. The detectable rate of phthalate metabolites ranged from 76 to 100%. On average, mono-butyl phthalate exhibited the highest median concentration (62.45 μg/L), while mono-benzyl phthalate exhibited the lowest median concentration (0.04 μg/L). Urine concentrations of phthalate metabolites were significantly higher in older, multiparous, higher body mass index, higher income, and passive smoking during pregnancy participants. The levels of low-molecular-weight phthalate metabolites were highest during the summer. The findings indicate the health of pregnant women and fetuses in Zunyi may be generally harmed by the high exposure of phthalate metabolites, especially by mono-n-butyl phthalate. In addition, phthalate metabolites present a demographic and seasonal differential distribution among the study population. Targeted measures to reduce phthalate exposure for high-risk pregnant women and during high-exposure seasons may have potential benefits for maternal and fetal health protection.