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Delayed affective recovery to daily-life stressors signals a risk for depression

The aim of this study is to investigate the time to affective recovery from daily-life stressors between healthy controls (HC) and two groups with an increased risk for developing depression: individuals with subclinical symptoms of depression (SSD), and individuals remitted from a depressive episod...

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Published in:Journal of affective disorders 2023-01, Vol.320, p.499-506
Main Authors: De Calheiros Velozo, J., Lafit, G., Viechtbauer, W., van Amelsvoort, T., Schruers, K., Marcelis, M., Goossens, L., Simons, C.J.P., Delespaul, P., Claes, S., Myin-Germeys, I., Vaessen, T.
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cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-c7742dbe0dd80d803d70f3ae65909de8c21cfe699dbc12127c74b3c937fce3743
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container_title Journal of affective disorders
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creator De Calheiros Velozo, J.
Lafit, G.
Viechtbauer, W.
van Amelsvoort, T.
Schruers, K.
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Simons, C.J.P.
Delespaul, P.
Claes, S.
Myin-Germeys, I.
Vaessen, T.
description The aim of this study is to investigate the time to affective recovery from daily-life stressors between healthy controls (HC) and two groups with an increased risk for developing depression: individuals with subclinical symptoms of depression (SSD), and individuals remitted from a depressive episode with residual symptoms of depression (RRS). The experience sampling method (ESM) was used to measure affective recovery to daily-life stressors. Affective recovery was defined as the moment that negative affect (NA) returned to baseline level following the first stressful event of the day. We assessed two different operationalizations of the baseline: NA at the moment before the stressful event (t−1), and mean-person NA. The effect of stress intensity, and cumulative stress were also assessed. Survival analyses showed significantly longer recovery times for the at risk groups in comparison to healthy individuals, albeit no significant difference was found between the two at risk groups (i.e. SSD and RRS). There was also an effect of cumulative stress, but not stress intensity on time to recovery in that cumulative stress resulted in significantly longer recovery times for all three groups. The present study is limited by the ESM sampling design, assessments take place post-stress and therefore do not capture peak stress. Additionally, we are only able to assess patterns at the group level. Finally, there is a significant age difference between groups. Individuals at risk for depression display a delayed recovery to daily-life stressors when compared to healthy controls, which is not explained by differences in stress intensity or cumulative stress. Understanding what is driving this delay may help combat the development of depression. •Groups at risk for depression take longer to recover from a daily-life stressor.•Group differences are not explained by stress intensity or cumulative stress.•Cumulative stress, but not stress intensity, delays affective stress recovery.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.136
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The experience sampling method (ESM) was used to measure affective recovery to daily-life stressors. Affective recovery was defined as the moment that negative affect (NA) returned to baseline level following the first stressful event of the day. We assessed two different operationalizations of the baseline: NA at the moment before the stressful event (t−1), and mean-person NA. The effect of stress intensity, and cumulative stress were also assessed. Survival analyses showed significantly longer recovery times for the at risk groups in comparison to healthy individuals, albeit no significant difference was found between the two at risk groups (i.e. SSD and RRS). There was also an effect of cumulative stress, but not stress intensity on time to recovery in that cumulative stress resulted in significantly longer recovery times for all three groups. The present study is limited by the ESM sampling design, assessments take place post-stress and therefore do not capture peak stress. 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source ScienceDirect Journals
subjects Affect
Depression
Depression - psychology
Ecological Momentary Assessment
Humans
Recovery
Risk Factors
Stress
Stress, Psychological - complications
Stress, Psychological - psychology
Survival analyses
title Delayed affective recovery to daily-life stressors signals a risk for depression
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