The relationship between sleep, pain,and musculoskeletal injuries in US Army Soldiers

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep and pain in military personnel and to determine if metrics of sleep and pain intensity differ between the injured and uninjured in this population.MethodsActive-duty US Army Soldiers (n=308; 26.8±6.5 years, 82% m...

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Published in:BMJ military health 2024-12, Vol.170 (6), p.491-494
Main Authors: Ritland, Bradley M, Judkins, J L, Naylor, J A, Kardouni, J R, Pasiakos, S M, Jayne, J M
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Adult
Age
Analysis of covariance
Efficiency
Female
Humans
Injuries
Male
Military personnel
Military Personnel - statistics & numerical data
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal System - injuries
Original research
Pain
Pain - epidemiology
Pain - etiology
PAIN MANAGEMENT
Pain Measurement - methods
Pain Measurement - statistics & numerical data
Questionnaires
Rehabilitation medicine
Sleep
Sleep - physiology
SLEEP MEDICINE
Sleep Wake Disorders - epidemiology
SPORTS MEDICINE
Surveys and Questionnaires
United States - epidemiology
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description IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep and pain in military personnel and to determine if metrics of sleep and pain intensity differ between the injured and uninjured in this population.MethodsActive-duty US Army Soldiers (n=308; 26.8±6.5 years, 82% male) from the 2nd Infantry Division, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, and 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and questionnaires about current musculoskeletal injuries and pain intensity (0=no pain to 10=worst imaginable pain). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between pain and sleep. Differences in sleep and pain between injured and uninjured participants were determined using an analysis of covariance.ResultsPain intensity was positively correlated with sleep quality (global PSQI score, r=0.337, p
doi_str_mv 10.1136/military-2022-002281
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Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between pain and sleep. Differences in sleep and pain between injured and uninjured participants were determined using an analysis of covariance.ResultsPain intensity was positively correlated with sleep quality (global PSQI score, r=0.337, p&lt;0.001) and daytime sleepiness (ESS score, r=0.163, p=0.005), and negatively associated with sleep duration (r=−0.118, p=0.039). Injured participants accounted for 37.7% (n=116) of the study population. Injured participants reported greater pain intensity (3.7±2.5 vs 1.3±1.9, p&lt;0.001), were older (28.5±7.4 years vs 25.8±5.7 years, p=0.001) and in the service longer (6.3±6.3 years vs 4.6±4.7 years, p=0.013) than uninjured participants. Injured participants had higher global PSQI scores (9.0±4.1 vs 6.4±3.4, p&lt;0.001), including each of the seven PSQI components (all p&lt;0.050), and reported sleeping less per night than uninjured participants (5.7±1.3 hours vs 6.1±1.2 hours, p=0.026).ConclusionThese data demonstrate that pain intensity is associated with sleep in active-duty US Army Soldiers and that those who report a musculoskeletal injury, regardless of age and time in service, report poorer sleep quality, shorter sleep durations, and greater levels of pain than uninjured Soldiers.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2633-3767</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 2633-3775</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2633-3775</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002281</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36792225</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: British Medical Journal Publishing Group</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age ; Analysis of covariance ; Efficiency ; Female ; Humans ; Injuries ; Male ; Military personnel ; Military Personnel - statistics &amp; numerical data ; Musculoskeletal disorders ; Musculoskeletal System - injuries ; Original research ; Pain ; Pain - epidemiology ; Pain - etiology ; PAIN MANAGEMENT ; Pain Measurement - methods ; Pain Measurement - statistics &amp; numerical data ; Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation medicine ; Sleep ; Sleep - physiology ; SLEEP MEDICINE ; Sleep Wake Disorders - epidemiology ; SPORTS MEDICINE ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>BMJ military health, 2024-12, Vol.170 (6), p.491-494</ispartof><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>2023 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b450t-eba6b8cb9b9dac2e0e4436c325dc3c73c05d5f51c4359ea8e9ec43506a4071113</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b450t-eba6b8cb9b9dac2e0e4436c325dc3c73c05d5f51c4359ea8e9ec43506a4071113</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4559-6023</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://militaryhealth.bmj.com/content/170/6/491.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://militaryhealth.bmj.com/content/170/6/491.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3194,27924,27925,55341,77596,77597</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36792225$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ritland, Bradley M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Judkins, J L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naylor, J A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kardouni, J R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pasiakos, S M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jayne, J M</creatorcontrib><title>The relationship between sleep, pain,and musculoskeletal injuries in US Army Soldiers</title><title>BMJ military health</title><addtitle>BMJ Mil Health</addtitle><addtitle>BMJ Mil Health</addtitle><description>IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep and pain in military personnel and to determine if metrics of sleep and pain intensity differ between the injured and uninjured in this population.MethodsActive-duty US Army Soldiers (n=308; 26.8±6.5 years, 82% male) from the 2nd Infantry Division, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, and 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and questionnaires about current musculoskeletal injuries and pain intensity (0=no pain to 10=worst imaginable pain). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between pain and sleep. Differences in sleep and pain between injured and uninjured participants were determined using an analysis of covariance.ResultsPain intensity was positively correlated with sleep quality (global PSQI score, r=0.337, p&lt;0.001) and daytime sleepiness (ESS score, r=0.163, p=0.005), and negatively associated with sleep duration (r=−0.118, p=0.039). Injured participants accounted for 37.7% (n=116) of the study population. Injured participants reported greater pain intensity (3.7±2.5 vs 1.3±1.9, p&lt;0.001), were older (28.5±7.4 years vs 25.8±5.7 years, p=0.001) and in the service longer (6.3±6.3 years vs 4.6±4.7 years, p=0.013) than uninjured participants. Injured participants had higher global PSQI scores (9.0±4.1 vs 6.4±3.4, p&lt;0.001), including each of the seven PSQI components (all p&lt;0.050), and reported sleeping less per night than uninjured participants (5.7±1.3 hours vs 6.1±1.2 hours, p=0.026).ConclusionThese data demonstrate that pain intensity is associated with sleep in active-duty US Army Soldiers and that those who report a musculoskeletal injury, regardless of age and time in service, report poorer sleep quality, shorter sleep durations, and greater levels of pain than uninjured Soldiers.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Analysis of covariance</subject><subject>Efficiency</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Military personnel</subject><subject>Military Personnel - statistics &amp; numerical data</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal disorders</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal System - injuries</subject><subject>Original research</subject><subject>Pain</subject><subject>Pain - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pain - etiology</subject><subject>PAIN MANAGEMENT</subject><subject>Pain Measurement - methods</subject><subject>Pain Measurement - statistics &amp; numerical data</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Rehabilitation medicine</subject><subject>Sleep</subject><subject>Sleep - physiology</subject><subject>SLEEP MEDICINE</subject><subject>Sleep Wake Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>SPORTS MEDICINE</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><issn>2633-3767</issn><issn>2633-3775</issn><issn>2633-3775</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>9YT</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kbtKBDEUhoMoKqtvIBKwsXA098yUIt5AsNCtQyZzFrNmLiYziG9v1l0VLGySv_jOn0M-hI4oOaeUq4vWBz_a-FEwwlhB8lHSLbTPFOcF11pu_2Sl99BhSkuyglRJuNhFe1zpijEm99H8-QVwhGBH33fpxQ-4hvEdoMMpAAxneLC-O7Ndg9spuSn06RUCjDZg3y2n6CHlgOdP-DK2H_ipD42HmA7QzsKGBIebe4bmN9fPV3fFw-Pt_dXlQ1ELScYCaqvq0tVVXTXWMSAgBFeOM9k47jR3RDZyIakTXFZgS6hgFYmygmiaP2KGTte9Q-zfJkijaX1yEILtoJ-SYVprQZRmMqMnf9BlP8Uub2c4FVqVipXVf1TuKglV5IsSa8rFPqUICzNE32YdhhKz8mO-_ZiVH7P2k8eON-VT3ULzM_RtIwNkDdTt8vfhfzs_AekQnAI</recordid><startdate>20241201</startdate><enddate>20241201</enddate><creator>Ritland, Bradley M</creator><creator>Judkins, J L</creator><creator>Naylor, J A</creator><creator>Kardouni, J R</creator><creator>Pasiakos, S M</creator><creator>Jayne, J M</creator><general>British Medical Journal Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><scope>9YT</scope><scope>ACMMV</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-6023</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241201</creationdate><title>The relationship between sleep, pain,and musculoskeletal injuries in US Army Soldiers</title><author>Ritland, Bradley M ; 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Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>BMJ military health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ritland, Bradley M</au><au>Judkins, J L</au><au>Naylor, J A</au><au>Kardouni, J R</au><au>Pasiakos, S M</au><au>Jayne, J M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The relationship between sleep, pain,and musculoskeletal injuries in US Army Soldiers</atitle><jtitle>BMJ military health</jtitle><stitle>BMJ Mil Health</stitle><addtitle>BMJ Mil Health</addtitle><date>2024-12-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>170</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>491</spage><epage>494</epage><pages>491-494</pages><issn>2633-3767</issn><issn>2633-3775</issn><eissn>2633-3775</eissn><abstract>IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep and pain in military personnel and to determine if metrics of sleep and pain intensity differ between the injured and uninjured in this population.MethodsActive-duty US Army Soldiers (n=308; 26.8±6.5 years, 82% male) from the 2nd Infantry Division, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, and 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and questionnaires about current musculoskeletal injuries and pain intensity (0=no pain to 10=worst imaginable pain). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between pain and sleep. Differences in sleep and pain between injured and uninjured participants were determined using an analysis of covariance.ResultsPain intensity was positively correlated with sleep quality (global PSQI score, r=0.337, p&lt;0.001) and daytime sleepiness (ESS score, r=0.163, p=0.005), and negatively associated with sleep duration (r=−0.118, p=0.039). Injured participants accounted for 37.7% (n=116) of the study population. Injured participants reported greater pain intensity (3.7±2.5 vs 1.3±1.9, p&lt;0.001), were older (28.5±7.4 years vs 25.8±5.7 years, p=0.001) and in the service longer (6.3±6.3 years vs 4.6±4.7 years, p=0.013) than uninjured participants. Injured participants had higher global PSQI scores (9.0±4.1 vs 6.4±3.4, p&lt;0.001), including each of the seven PSQI components (all p&lt;0.050), and reported sleeping less per night than uninjured participants (5.7±1.3 hours vs 6.1±1.2 hours, p=0.026).ConclusionThese data demonstrate that pain intensity is associated with sleep in active-duty US Army Soldiers and that those who report a musculoskeletal injury, regardless of age and time in service, report poorer sleep quality, shorter sleep durations, and greater levels of pain than uninjured Soldiers.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>British Medical Journal Publishing Group</pub><pmid>36792225</pmid><doi>10.1136/military-2022-002281</doi><tpages>4</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-6023</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Adult
Age
Analysis of covariance
Efficiency
Female
Humans
Injuries
Male
Military personnel
Military Personnel - statistics & numerical data
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal System - injuries
Original research
Pain
Pain - epidemiology
Pain - etiology
PAIN MANAGEMENT
Pain Measurement - methods
Pain Measurement - statistics & numerical data
Questionnaires
Rehabilitation medicine
Sleep
Sleep - physiology
SLEEP MEDICINE
Sleep Wake Disorders - epidemiology
SPORTS MEDICINE
Surveys and Questionnaires
United States - epidemiology
title The relationship between sleep, pain,and musculoskeletal injuries in US Army Soldiers
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