Imaging of mitochondria/lysosomes in live cells and C. elegans

Two rhodamine-phenothiazine conjugates, RP1 and RP2, were synthesized, and their photophysical properties, subcellular localization, and photocytotoxicity were investigated. We observed robust localization of RP1 in mitochondria and dual localization in mitochondria and lysosomes with RP2 in live ce...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Organic & biomolecular chemistry 2023-03, Vol.21 (10), p.2220-2231
Main Authors: Singh, Deepmala, Regar, Ramprasad, Soppina, Pushpanjali, Soppina, Virupakshi, Kanvah, Sriram
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animal models
Animals
Caenorhabditis elegans - metabolism
Cell Line
Chemical compounds
Cytotoxicity
Damage accumulation
Fluorophores
Light effects
Localization
Lysosomes
Lysosomes - metabolism
Mammals - metabolism
Mitochondria
Mitochondria - metabolism
Phenothiazine
Photodynamic therapy
Probes
Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism
Rhodamine
Toxicity
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Summary:Two rhodamine-phenothiazine conjugates, RP1 and RP2, were synthesized, and their photophysical properties, subcellular localization, and photocytotoxicity were investigated. We observed robust localization of RP1 in mitochondria and dual localization in mitochondria and lysosomes with RP2 in live cells. Live cell imaging with these probes allowed us to track the dynamics of mitochondria and lysosomes during ROS-induced mitochondrial damage and the subsequent lysosomal digestion of the damaged mitochondria. The fluorophores also demonstrated preferential accumulation in cancer cells compared to normal cells and had strong photo-cytotoxicity. However, no cytotoxicity was observed in the dark. The mitochondrial staining and light-induced ROS production were not limited to mammalian cell lines, but were also observed in the animal model . The study demonstrated the potential applications of these probes in visualizing the mitochondria-lysosome cross-talk after ROS production and for photodynamic therapy.
ISSN:1477-0520
1477-0539
DOI:10.1039/d3ob00086a