Simulation studies of a full-ring, CZT SPECT system for whole-body imaging of 99m Tc and 177 Lu

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2023-06, Vol.50 (6), p.3726-3737
• Main Authors: Huh, Yoonsuk, Caravaca, Javier, Kim, Jaehyuk, Cui, Yonggang, Huang, Qiu, Gullberg, Grant, Seo, Youngho
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209
• DOI: 10.1002/mp.16360

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an imaging modality that has demonstrated its utility in a number of clinical indications. Despite this progress, a high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, multi-tracer SPECT with a large field of view suitable for whole-body imaging of a broad range of radiotracers for theranostics is not available. With the goal of filling this technological gap, we have designed a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) full-ring SPECT scanner instrumented with a broad-energy tungsten collimator. The final purpose is to provide a multi-tracer solution for brain and whole-body imaging. Our static SPECT does not rely on the dual- and the triple-head rotational SPECT standard paradigm, enabling a larger effective area in each scan to increase the sensitivity. We provide a demonstration of the performance of our design using a realistic model of our detector with simulated body-sized phantoms filled with Tc and Lu. We create a realistic model of our detector by using a combination of a Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) Monte Carlo simulation and a finite element model for the CZT response, accounting for low-energy tail effects in CZT that affects the sensitivity and the scatter correction. We implement a modified dual-energy-window scatter correction adapted for CZT. Other corrections for attenuation, detector and collimator response, and detector gaps and edges are also included. The images are reconstructed using the maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization. Detector and reconstruction performance are characterized with point sources, Derenzo phantoms, and a body-sized National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Image Quality (IQ) phantom for both Tc and Lu. Our SPECT design can resolve 7.9 mm rods for Tc (140 keV) and 9.5 mm for Lu (208 keV) in a hot-rod Derenzo phantom with a 3-min exposure and reach an image contrast of 78% for Tc and 57% for Lu using the NEMA IQ phantom with a 6-min exposure. Our modified scatter correction shows an improved contrast-recovery ratio compared to a standard correction. In this paper, we demonstrate the good performance of our design for whole-body imaging purposes. This adds to our previous demonstration of improved qualitative and quantitative Tc imaging of brain perfusion and I imaging of dopamine transport with respect to state-of-the-art NaI dual-head cameras. We show that our design provides similar IQ and contrast to the commercial full-ring SPECT VERITON f