The HARM models: Predicting longitudinal physical aggression in patients with schizophrenia at an individual level

• Published in: Journal of psychiatric research 2023-05, Vol.161, p.91-98
• Main Authors: Watts, Devon, Mamak, Mini, Moulden, Heather, Upfold, Casey, de Azevedo Cardoso, Taiane, Kapczinski, Flavio, Chaimowitz, Gary
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aggression; Artificial intelligence; Computational neuroscience; Criminality; Humans; Machine learning; Precision psychiatry; Prospective Studies; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia - diagnosis; Substance-Related Disorders - psychology
• ISSN: 0022-3956; 1879-1379
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.030

The prediction and prevention of aggression in individuals with schizophrenia remains a top priority within forensic psychiatric settings. While risk assessment methods are well rooted in forensic psychiatry, there are no available tools to predict longitudinal physical aggression in patients with schizophrenia within forensic settings at an individual level. In the present study, we used evidence-based risk and protective factors, as well as variables related to course of treatment assessed at baseline, to predict prospective incidents of physical aggression (4-month, 12-month, and 18-month follow-up) among 151 patients with schizophrenia within the forensic mental healthcare system. Across our HARM models, the balanced accuracy (sensitivity + specificity/2) of predicting physical aggressive incidents in patients with schizophrenia ranged from 59.73 to 87.33% at 4-month follow-up, 68.31–80.10% at 12-month follow-up, and 46.22–81.63% at 18-month follow-up, respectively. Additionally, we developed separate models, using clinician rated clinical judgement of short term and immediate violent risk, as a measure of comparison. Several modifiable evidence-based predictors of prospective physical aggression in schizophrenia were identified, including impulse control, substance abuse, impulsivity, treatment non-adherence, mood and psychotic symptoms, substance abuse, and poor family support. To the best of our knowledge, our HARM models are the first to predict longitudinal physical aggression at an individual level in patients with schizophrenia in forensic settings. However, it is important to caution that since these machine learning models were developed in the context of forensic settings, they may not be generalisable to individuals with schizophrenia more broadly. Moreover, a low base rate of physical aggression was observed in the testing set (6.0–11.6% across timepoints). As such, larger cohorts will be required to determine the replicability of these findings.