Discrepancy Between Patient and Caregiver Estimate of Apathy Predicts Dementia in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

• Published in: Journal of Alzheimer's disease 2023-01, Vol.93 (1), p.75-86
• Main Authors: Grisanti, Stefano Giuseppe, Massa, Federico, Chincarini, Andrea, Pretta, Stefano, Rissotto, Roberto, Serrati, Carlo, Monacelli, Fiammetta, Serafini, Gianluca, Calcagno, Pietro, Brugnolo, Andrea, Pardini, Matteo, Nobili, Flavio, Girtler, Nicola
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alzheimer Disease - psychology; Alzheimer's disease; Apathy; Caregivers; Caregivers - psychology; Cognitive ability; Cognitive Dysfunction - diagnosis; Cognitive Dysfunction - psychology; Cohort Studies; Dementia; Dementia disorders; Demographic variables; Emotional behavior; Evaluation; Humans; Impairment; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuropsychological Tests; Rank tests; Regression models; Risk; Robustness (mathematics)
• ISSN: 1387-2877; 1875-8908
• DOI: 10.3233/JAD-220418

Apathy is a frequent behavioral symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) is a tool exploring the perception of apathy by both caregivers (CG-AES) and patients (PT-AES), and the discrepancy in their ratings is a proxy of patients' disease unawareness. To assess in a cohort study of patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) whether apathy and awareness of apathy predict progression to dementia and timing. From the global AES scores of 110 patients with aMCI and their caregivers, we obtained two principal indices for analysis: 1) 'Apathy', the mean of PT-AES and CG-AES, and 2) 'Discrepancy', obtained by subtracting CG-AES from PT-AES. Patients were followed with visits every six months for three years or until dementia. AES indices and the principal demographical/neuropsychological variables were filtered from multicollinearity. The most robust variables entered a logistic regression model and survival analyses (Cox regression, log-rank test of Kaplan-Meier curves) to estimate which predicted the risk and timing of progression, respectively. Sixty patients (54.5%) developed dementia (57 AD) after 6.0-36.0 months, 22 (20%) remained in an MCI stage, and 28 (25.5%) dropped out. 'Discrepancy' was a robust and accurate predictor of the risk of progression (AUC = 0.73) and, after binarization according to a computed cutoff, of timing to dementia. A structured evaluation of apathy, both self-assessed and estimated by caregivers, can provide useful information on the risk and timing of progression from aMCI to dementia. The discrepancy between the two estimates is a fairly reliable index for prediction purposes as a proxy of disease unawareness.