The role of thyroid hormone in the renal immune microenvironment

• Published in: International immunopharmacology 2023-06, Vol.119, p.110172-110172, Article 110172
• Main Authors: Han, Zhongyu, Chen, Liuyan, Peng, Hongyao, Zheng, Hongying, Lin, Yumeng, Peng, Fang, Fan, Yunhe, Xie, Xiuli, Yang, Simin, Wang, Zhanzhan, Yuan, Lan, Wei, Xiuyan, Chen, Haoran
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Autoimmune Diseases; Diabetic Nephropathies; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Renal disease; Renal immune microenvironment; T cells; Thyroid hormone; Thyroid Hormones; Tumor Microenvironment
• ISSN: 1567-5769; 1878-1705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110172

•In recent years, the connection between the endocrine and immune system has received increasing attention. Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role in the immune system as an indispensable part of endocrine hormones. At present, some studies on thyroid hormone regulation in immune cells have emerged, but most of them are clinical correlation analyses and lack further studies.•The kidney is the target organ of TH. The proteins associated with TH include TH transporters (MCT8, MCT10, OA TP, LA T, NTCP, OA TP1C1, etc.), TH transporters (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3) and TR (TRα and TRβ).•We carefully read all of the articles we could find and reviewed as much as possible the possibility that TH and TH-related proteins regulate kidney disease by mediating various immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells) of the renal immune microenvironment.•This may give new perspectives on the treatment of patients with clinical renal disease. Thyroid hormones are essential for proper kidney growth and development. The kidney is not only the organ of thyroid hormone metabolism but also the target organ of thyroid hormone. Kidney disease is a common type of kidney damage, mainly including different types of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and renal cell carcinoma. The kidney is often damaged by an immune response directed against its antigens or a systemic immune response. A variety of immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune kidney disease. Recent studies have found that thyroid hormone plays an indispensable role in the immune microenvironment of various kidney diseases. Thyroid hormones regulate the activity of neutrophils, and dendritic cells express triiodothyronine receptors. Compared to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism has a greater effect on neutrophils. Furthermore, in adaptive immune systems, thyroid hormone may activate T lymphocytes through several underlying mechanisms, such as mediating NF-κB, protein kinase C signalling pathways, and β-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased T lymphocyte activation. The present review discusses the effects of thyroid hormone metabolism regulation in the immune microenvironment on the function of various immune cells, especially neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T