Bioactive compounds with antifungal activity against pathogens isolated from pregnant woman: Gallesia integrifolia (garlic wood) is a promising treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis

• Published in: Journal of ethnopharmacology 2022-09, Vol.295 (NA), p.115403-115403, Article 115403
• Main Authors: de Souza, Amanda Nascimento Vasques, Faria, Maria Graciela Iecher, da Rocha, Cristiane Edna, Philippsen, Gisele Strieder, Silva, Gabriela Catuzo Canonico, da Silva, Gustavo Ratti, Inumaro, Rodrigo Sadao, Gonçalves, José Eduardo, Gazim, Zilda Cristiani, Wietzikoski, Samantha, Lívero, Francislaine Aparecida dos Reis, Seixas, Flavio Augusto Vicente, Wietzikoski Lovato, Evellyn Claudia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3,5-dithiahexanol-5,5-dioxide; Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; Ethyl ester; Gallesia integrifolia; Methionine; Phytol
• ISSN: 0378-8741; 1872-7573
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115403

The leaves, bark, and roots of Gallesia integrifolia are consumed in folk medicine through infusion, decoction, and topical preparation by crushing because of its pharmacological properties in several peripheral system disorders, including microbial infections. The presence of various molecules in different parts of the plant likely confers this species’ fungicidal action, but scientific evidence is lacking. Vulvovaginal candidiasis mainly affects women of reproductive age. When left untreated, it can cause pregnancy complications. Currently available antifungals often cause undesirable side effects. New alternative therapeutic strategies based on medicinal plants have been proposed. To investigate the antifungal activity of G. integrifolia against vulvovaginal candidiasis secretion in pregnant women. Antifungal activity was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), determined by broth microdilution method using Candida spp (NEWP1210), C. albicans (CCCD-CC001), C. tropicalis (CCCD-CC002) standard and clinical isolates from pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Nystatin and fluconazole were used as positive controls. The chemical composition of essential oils that were extracted from leaves, flowers, and fruits of G. integrifolia was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Reverse docking was used to suggest a possible target in Candida. Conventional docking was used to identify the most probable compound that inhibits fungal growth. A total of 24 compounds were identified, accounting for ∼99% of volatile constituents in the essential oils. Leaves of G. integrifolia contained 3,5-dithiahexanol-5,5-dioxide (40.93%), flowers contained methionine ethyl ester (46.78%), and fruits contained 2,8-dithianonane (54.01%) as the most abundant compounds. The MICs of essential oils of leaves, flowers, and fruits of G. integrifolia against standard strains of Candida spp, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis ranged from 13.01 to 625.00 μg/mL. The essential oil of flowers more effectively inhibited Candida spp. Essential oils of leaves and flowers were similar to fluconazole against C. albicans. Essential oils of flowers and fruits were similar to fluconazole against C. tropocalis. In Candida yeast species that were isolated from vaginal secretion samples from pregnant patients, the MICs of leaves and flowers ranged from 52.08 to 5000.00 μg/mL. The essential oil of leaves (277.77 μg/mL) was the most active against C. albicans. No s