Heart sounds: Past, present, and future from a technological and clinical perspective – a systematic review

Graphical abstract Source: Figure created in the Mind the Graph Platform, available at www.mindthegraph.com The high prevalence of cardiac diseases around the world has created a need for quick, easy and cost effective approaches to diagnose heart disease. The auscultation and interpretation of hear...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 2023-06, Vol.237 (6), p.669-682
Main Authors: Azmeen, Ayesha, Vakilzadian, Hamid, Haider, Hani, Mathers, Daniel H., Zimmerman, Reid, Bedi, Shine, O’Leary, Edward L.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algorithms
Auscultation
Cardiovascular diseases
Coronary artery disease
Health care facilities
Heart
Heart diseases
Medical instruments
Reviews
Rural areas
Rural environments
Software
Stethoscopes
Urban environments
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Summary:Graphical abstract Source: Figure created in the Mind the Graph Platform, available at www.mindthegraph.com The high prevalence of cardiac diseases around the world has created a need for quick, easy and cost effective approaches to diagnose heart disease. The auscultation and interpretation of heart sounds using the stethoscope is relatively inexpensive, requires minimal to advanced training, and is widely available and easily carried by healthcare providers working in urban environments or medically underserved rural areas. Since René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec’s simple, monoaural design, the capabilities of modern-day, commercially available stethoscopes and stethoscope systems have radically advanced with the integration of electronic hardware and software tools, however these systems are largely confined to the metropolitan medical centers. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of stethoscopes, compare commercially available stethoscope products and analytical software, and discuss future directions. Our review includes a description of heart sounds and how modern software enables the measurement and analysis of time intervals, teaching auscultation, remote cardiac examination (telemedicine) and, more recently, spectrographic evaluation and electronic storage. The basic methodologies behind modern software algorithms and techniques for heart sound preprocessing, segmentation and classification are described to provide awareness.
ISSN:0954-4119
2041-3033
DOI:10.1177/09544119231172858