Electron temperatures and densities of planetary nebulae determined from the nebular hydrogen recombination spectrum and temperature and density variations

• Published in: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2004-07, Vol.351 (3), p.935-955
• Main Authors: Zhang, Y., Liu, X.-W., Wesson, R., Storey, P. J., Liu, Y., Danziger, I. J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: atomic processes; ISM: abundances; planetary nebulae: general
• ISSN: 0035-8711; 1365-2966
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07838.x

A method is presented to derive electron temperatures and densities of planetary nebulae (PNe) simultaneously, using the observed hydrogen recombination spectrum, which includes continuum and line emission. By matching theoretical spectra to observed spectra around the Balmer jump at about 3646 Å, we determine electron temperatures and densities for 48 Galactic PNe. The electron temperatures based on this method - hereafter Te(Bal) - are found to be systematically lower than those derived from [O iii]4959/4363 and [O iii](88 µm + 52 µm)/4959 ratios - hereafter Te([O iii]na) and Te([O iii]fn). The electron densities based on this method are found to be systematically higher than those derived from [O ii]3729/3726, [S ii]6731/6716, [Cl iii]5537/5517, [Ar iv]4740/4711 and [O iii]88 µm/52 µm ratios. These results suggest that temperature and density fluctuations are generally present within nebulae. The comparison of Te([O iii]na) and Te(Bal) suggests that the fractional mean-square temperature variation (t2) has a representative value of 0.031. A majority of temperatures derived from the Te([O iii]fn) ratio are found to be higher than those of Te([O iii]na), which is attributed to the existence of dense clumps in nebulae - those [O iii] infrared fine-structure lines are suppressed by collisional de-excitation in the clumps. By comparing Te([O iii]fn), Te([O iii]na) and Te(Bal) and assuming a simple two-density-component model, we find that the filling factor of dense clumps has a representative value of 7 × 10-5. The discrepancies between Te([O iii]na) and Te(Bal) are found to be anticorrelated with electron densities derived from various density indicators; high-density nebulae have the smallest temperature discrepancies. This suggests that temperature discrepancy is related to nebular evolution. In addition, He/H abundances of PNe are found to be positively correlated with the difference between Te([O iii]na) and Te(Bal), suggesting that He/H abundances might have been overestimated generally because of the possible existence of H-deficient knots. Electron temperatures and densities deduced from spectra around the Paschen jump regions at 8250 Å are also obtained for four PNe: NGC 7027, NGC 6153, M 1-42 and NGC 7009. Electron densities derived from spectra around the Paschen jump regions are in good agreement with the corresponding values derived from spectra around the Balmer jump, whereas temperatures deduced from the spectra around the Paschen jump are fo