Measurement Invariance of Maternal Depressive Symptoms Across the First 2 Years Since Birth and Across Racial Group, Education, Income, Primiparity, and Age

• Published in: Psychological assessment 2023-08, Vol.35 (8), p.646-658
• Main Authors: Padrutt, Emily R., DeJoseph, Meriah L., Wilson, Sylia, Mills-Koonce, Roger, Berry, Daniel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Black or African American - psychology; Black or African American - statistics & numerical data; Child; Child development; Depression - diagnosis; Depression - epidemiology; Depression - ethnology; Depression - psychology; Depression, Postpartum - diagnosis; Depression, Postpartum - epidemiology; Depression, Postpartum - ethnology; Depression, Postpartum - psychology; Factor Analysis; Female; Human; Humans; Infant; Major Depression; Maternal & child health; Measurement Invariance; Mothers; Parity; Postpartum Depression; Poverty; Pregnancy; Psychometrics; Racial and Ethnic Groups; Racial Groups - ethnology; Racial Groups - psychology; Racial Groups - statistics & numerical data; Sociodemographics; Symptoms; Test Bias; White - psychology; White - statistics & numerical data
• ISSN: 1040-3590; 1939-134X; 1939-134X
• DOI: 10.1037/pas0001242

Up to 19% of postpartum mothers experience depressive symptoms, which are associated with infant development. Thus, research examining postpartum depression has implications for mothers' and infants' well-being. However, this research relies on the often-untested assumption of measurement invariance-that measures capture the same construct across time and sociodemographic characteristics. In the absence of invariance, measurement bias may confound differences across time and group, contributing to invalid inferences. In a sociodemographically diverse (40.7% African American, 58.9% White; 67.9% below two times the federal poverty line; 19.4% with less than high school education), rural, longitudinal sample (N = 1,275) of mothers, we used moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) to examine measurement invariance of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) Depressive Symptoms subscale across time since birth, racial group, education, income, primiparity, and maternal age at childbirth. We identified evidence of differential item functioning (DIF; i.e., measurement noninvariance) as a function of racial group and education. Subsequent analyses indicated, however, that the DIF-induced bias had minimal impacts on substantive comparisons examining change over time since birth and group differences. Thus, the presence of measurement noninvariance does not appear to bias substantive comparisons using the BSI-18 Depressive Symptoms subscale across the first 2 years since birth in a sample comprising primarily African American and White mothers living in predominately rural, low-income communities. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing measurement invariance and highlights MNLFA for evaluating the impact of noninvariance as a preliminary step that increases confidence in the validity of substantive inferences. Public Significance Statement Research on depressive symptoms in diverse samples across the first 2 years since birth requires measures that function the same way across time and groups. In a large sample of postpartum mothers, we examined measurement invariance of the BSI-18 Depressive Symptoms subscale. While we identified some differences in measurement, adjusting for differences did not markedly change key takeaways, supporting using this measure in similar samples during the years after birth.