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Changes in anxiety and depression in patients with different income levels through the COVID-19 pandemic
Lower socioeconomic status is known to be associated with high mental health burden, there have been few epidemiological studies showing how socioeconomic status has modified the effect of COVID-19 on anxiety and depression. We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey in the United St...
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Published in: | Journal of affective disorders 2023-10, Vol.338, p.17-20 |
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creator | Qian, Zhiyu Pines, Andrew Stone, Benjamin V. Lipsitz, Stuart R. Moran, Lauren V. Trinh, Quoc-Dien |
description | Lower socioeconomic status is known to be associated with high mental health burden, there have been few epidemiological studies showing how socioeconomic status has modified the effect of COVID-19 on anxiety and depression.
We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey in the United States between 2019 and 2021 and used respondents with a documented income-to-poverty ratio as a measure of income level (n = 79,468). We used frequency of medication use and self-reported frequency of anxious and depressive episodes as the main outcome measures. We performed a multivariable logistic regression with a two-way interaction term between income and survey year.
We found a statistically significant worsening of depression and anxiety metrics in respondents with higher income levels from 2019 to 2021. We did not observe a significant change in anxiety and depression metrics for low-income respondents over the same period.
The data from the NHIS survey is limited primarily by sampling bias (response rate of 50.7 % in 2021), as well as the self-reported nature of the one of the outcome measures.
These findings suggest that, within the limits of the National Health Interview Survey, mental health outcomes were worse but stable in a socioeconomically disadvantaged demographic between 2019 and 2021. In a higher socioeconomic bracket, mental health outcomes were less severe than the disadvantaged demographic but were worsening at a greater rate.
•The study assessed 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 79,468 respondents.•Findings revealed a correlation between socioeconomic status and mental health; lower income corresponded with progressively higher anxiety and depression.•Higher income respondents showed a more pronounced rise in anxiety and depression from 2019-2021 compared to lower income counterparts.•Despite a worse mental health baseline in the poor, COVID-19 may have hit the rich harder with anxiety and depression. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.003 |
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We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey in the United States between 2019 and 2021 and used respondents with a documented income-to-poverty ratio as a measure of income level (n = 79,468). We used frequency of medication use and self-reported frequency of anxious and depressive episodes as the main outcome measures. We performed a multivariable logistic regression with a two-way interaction term between income and survey year.
We found a statistically significant worsening of depression and anxiety metrics in respondents with higher income levels from 2019 to 2021. We did not observe a significant change in anxiety and depression metrics for low-income respondents over the same period.
The data from the NHIS survey is limited primarily by sampling bias (response rate of 50.7 % in 2021), as well as the self-reported nature of the one of the outcome measures.
These findings suggest that, within the limits of the National Health Interview Survey, mental health outcomes were worse but stable in a socioeconomically disadvantaged demographic between 2019 and 2021. In a higher socioeconomic bracket, mental health outcomes were less severe than the disadvantaged demographic but were worsening at a greater rate.
•The study assessed 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 79,468 respondents.•Findings revealed a correlation between socioeconomic status and mental health; lower income corresponded with progressively higher anxiety and depression.•Higher income respondents showed a more pronounced rise in anxiety and depression from 2019-2021 compared to lower income counterparts.•Despite a worse mental health baseline in the poor, COVID-19 may have hit the rich harder with anxiety and depression.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0165-0327</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2517</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.003</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37271292</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Anxiety ; Anxiety - epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; Depression ; Depression - epidemiology ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Public health ; United States - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>Journal of affective disorders, 2023-10, Vol.338, p.17-20</ispartof><rights>2023 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a08f43984e5367fb00eba8612d5805c909ad9bbf2ae1fd45c5a8f47644c732993</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a08f43984e5367fb00eba8612d5805c909ad9bbf2ae1fd45c5a8f47644c732993</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37271292$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Qian, Zhiyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pines, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stone, Benjamin V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lipsitz, Stuart R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moran, Lauren V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trinh, Quoc-Dien</creatorcontrib><title>Changes in anxiety and depression in patients with different income levels through the COVID-19 pandemic</title><title>Journal of affective disorders</title><addtitle>J Affect Disord</addtitle><description>Lower socioeconomic status is known to be associated with high mental health burden, there have been few epidemiological studies showing how socioeconomic status has modified the effect of COVID-19 on anxiety and depression.
We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey in the United States between 2019 and 2021 and used respondents with a documented income-to-poverty ratio as a measure of income level (n = 79,468). We used frequency of medication use and self-reported frequency of anxious and depressive episodes as the main outcome measures. We performed a multivariable logistic regression with a two-way interaction term between income and survey year.
We found a statistically significant worsening of depression and anxiety metrics in respondents with higher income levels from 2019 to 2021. We did not observe a significant change in anxiety and depression metrics for low-income respondents over the same period.
The data from the NHIS survey is limited primarily by sampling bias (response rate of 50.7 % in 2021), as well as the self-reported nature of the one of the outcome measures.
These findings suggest that, within the limits of the National Health Interview Survey, mental health outcomes were worse but stable in a socioeconomically disadvantaged demographic between 2019 and 2021. In a higher socioeconomic bracket, mental health outcomes were less severe than the disadvantaged demographic but were worsening at a greater rate.
•The study assessed 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 79,468 respondents.•Findings revealed a correlation between socioeconomic status and mental health; lower income corresponded with progressively higher anxiety and depression.•Higher income respondents showed a more pronounced rise in anxiety and depression from 2019-2021 compared to lower income counterparts.•Despite a worse mental health baseline in the poor, COVID-19 may have hit the rich harder with anxiety and depression.</description><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Anxiety - epidemiology</subject><subject>Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>Depression</subject><subject>Depression - epidemiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><issn>0165-0327</issn><issn>1573-2517</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kD1v2zAURYmgQew4-QFdCo1dpDySoiiiU-EmqYEAWZKsBEU-RTT04ZJy2vz70LDbsdPFwzv3DoeQzxQKCrS62RZb4woGjBdQFQD8jCypkDxngspPZJkYkQNnckEuY9wCQKUkXJAFl0xSptiSdOvOjK8YMz9mZvzjcX5P6TKHu4Ax-mk8fHZm9jjOMfvt5y5zvm0xpDu97DRg1uMb9jGbuzDtX7uUmK0fXzY_cqpSdXQ4eHtFzlvTR7w-5Yo8390-rX_mD4_3m_X3h9xyVc25gbotuapLFLySbQOAjakrypyoQVgFyjjVNC0zSFtXCitMKsiqLK3kTCm-Il-Pu7sw_dpjnPXgo8W-NyNO-6hZzZgEobhIKD2iNkwxBmz1LvjBhHdNQR8E661OgvVBsIZKJ8Gp8-U0v28GdP8af40m4NsRSEbwzWPQ0SZ3Fp0PaGftJv-f-Q9XnIs2</recordid><startdate>20231001</startdate><enddate>20231001</enddate><creator>Qian, Zhiyu</creator><creator>Pines, Andrew</creator><creator>Stone, Benjamin V.</creator><creator>Lipsitz, Stuart R.</creator><creator>Moran, Lauren V.</creator><creator>Trinh, Quoc-Dien</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20231001</creationdate><title>Changes in anxiety and depression in patients with different income levels through the COVID-19 pandemic</title><author>Qian, Zhiyu ; Pines, Andrew ; Stone, Benjamin V. ; Lipsitz, Stuart R. ; Moran, Lauren V. ; Trinh, Quoc-Dien</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-a08f43984e5367fb00eba8612d5805c909ad9bbf2ae1fd45c5a8f47644c732993</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Anxiety - epidemiology</topic><topic>Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - epidemiology</topic><topic>Depression</topic><topic>Depression - epidemiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Qian, Zhiyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pines, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stone, Benjamin V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lipsitz, Stuart R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moran, Lauren V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trinh, Quoc-Dien</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of affective disorders</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Qian, Zhiyu</au><au>Pines, Andrew</au><au>Stone, Benjamin V.</au><au>Lipsitz, Stuart R.</au><au>Moran, Lauren V.</au><au>Trinh, Quoc-Dien</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Changes in anxiety and depression in patients with different income levels through the COVID-19 pandemic</atitle><jtitle>Journal of affective disorders</jtitle><addtitle>J Affect Disord</addtitle><date>2023-10-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>338</volume><spage>17</spage><epage>20</epage><pages>17-20</pages><issn>0165-0327</issn><eissn>1573-2517</eissn><abstract>Lower socioeconomic status is known to be associated with high mental health burden, there have been few epidemiological studies showing how socioeconomic status has modified the effect of COVID-19 on anxiety and depression.
We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey in the United States between 2019 and 2021 and used respondents with a documented income-to-poverty ratio as a measure of income level (n = 79,468). We used frequency of medication use and self-reported frequency of anxious and depressive episodes as the main outcome measures. We performed a multivariable logistic regression with a two-way interaction term between income and survey year.
We found a statistically significant worsening of depression and anxiety metrics in respondents with higher income levels from 2019 to 2021. We did not observe a significant change in anxiety and depression metrics for low-income respondents over the same period.
The data from the NHIS survey is limited primarily by sampling bias (response rate of 50.7 % in 2021), as well as the self-reported nature of the one of the outcome measures.
These findings suggest that, within the limits of the National Health Interview Survey, mental health outcomes were worse but stable in a socioeconomically disadvantaged demographic between 2019 and 2021. In a higher socioeconomic bracket, mental health outcomes were less severe than the disadvantaged demographic but were worsening at a greater rate.
•The study assessed 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 79,468 respondents.•Findings revealed a correlation between socioeconomic status and mental health; lower income corresponded with progressively higher anxiety and depression.•Higher income respondents showed a more pronounced rise in anxiety and depression from 2019-2021 compared to lower income counterparts.•Despite a worse mental health baseline in the poor, COVID-19 may have hit the rich harder with anxiety and depression.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>37271292</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.003</doi><tpages>4</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Anxiety Anxiety - epidemiology Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology Depression Depression - epidemiology Humans Pandemics Public health United States - epidemiology |
title | Changes in anxiety and depression in patients with different income levels through the COVID-19 pandemic |
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