Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcomes

Purpose of Review Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental disorder related to disruptions in various neuronal structures and pathways, dopamine (DA) transporter, and receptor genes, resulting in cognitive and regulation deficits. This article...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Current neurology and neuroscience reports 2023-08, Vol.23 (8), p.451-460
Main Authors: Pagán, Antonio F., Huizar, Yazmine P., Short, Tucker R., Gotcher, Zoe, Schmidt, Adam T.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adults
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Biomarkers
Children & youth
Cognitive ability
Comorbidity
Dopamine
Dopamine transporter
Electrical stimulation of the brain
Employment
ESB
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Life expectancy
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Mental depression
Mental disorders
Mental health
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurology
Neurosciences
Quality of life
Secondary schools
Substantia alba
Topical Collection on Behavior
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Summary:Purpose of Review Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental disorder related to disruptions in various neuronal structures and pathways, dopamine (DA) transporter, and receptor genes, resulting in cognitive and regulation deficits. This article reviews recent research on the biological mechanisms and markers, clinical manifestations, treatments, and outcomes of adult ADHD as well as current controversies within the field. Recent Findings New research identifies white matter disruptions in multiple cortical pathways in adults with ADHD. New treatments for ADHD in adults such as viloxazine ER have shown preliminary effectiveness in addition to research showing transcranial direct current stimulation can be an effective treatment for adults with ADHD. Summary Although questions exist about the effectiveness of current assessments of and treatments for adult ADHD, recent findings represent a step towards improving the quality of life and outcomes for individuals experiencing this life-long, chronic health condition.
ISSN:1528-4042
1534-6293
DOI:10.1007/s11910-023-01280-4