Annual Research Review: Sex, gender, and internalizing conditions among adolescents in the 21st century – trends, causes, consequences

Internalizing conditions of psychopathology include depressive and anxiety disorders; they most often onset in adolescence, are relatively common, and contribute to significant population morbidity and mortality. In this research review, we present the evidence that internalizing conditions, includi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 2024-04, Vol.65 (4), p.384-407
Main Authors: Keyes, Katherine M., Platt, Jonathan M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
21st century
Adolescence
Adolescent
Adolescent girls
Adolescents
anxiety
Anxiety - psychology
Anxiety disorders
Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology
Anxiety Disorders - etiology
Anxiety Disorders - psychology
Causes
depression
Depression - epidemiology
Evidence
Female
Gender
gender difference
Gender Identity
Gender nonconforming
Health education
Humans
Internalization
internalizing
Life events
Mental depression
Morbidity
Prevention programs
Psychological distress
Psychopathology
Public health
Risk Factors
Social media
Suicidal ideation
Suicide
Teenagers
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Summary:Internalizing conditions of psychopathology include depressive and anxiety disorders; they most often onset in adolescence, are relatively common, and contribute to significant population morbidity and mortality. In this research review, we present the evidence that internalizing conditions, including depression and anxiety, as well as psychological distress, suicidal thoughts and self‐harm, and fatal suicide, are considerably increasing in adolescent populations across many countries. Evidence indicates that increases are currently greatest in female adolescents. We present an epidemiological framework for evaluating the causes of these increases, and synthesize research on whether several established risk factors (e.g., age of pubertal transition and stressful life events) and novel risk factors (e.g., digital technology and social media) meet conditions necessary to be plausible causes of increases in adolescent internalizing conditions. We conclude that there are a multitude of potential causes of increases in adolescent internalizing conditions, outline evidence gaps including the lack of research on nonbinary and gender nonconforming populations, and recommend necessary prevention and intervention foci from a clinical and public health perspective.
ISSN:0021-9630
1469-7610
1469-7610
DOI:10.1111/jcpp.13864