Exfoliation of graphite during electrochemical lithium insertion in ethylene carbonate-containing electrolytes

Post mortem scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy were applied to study the exfoliation tendency of a high temperature-treated graphite negative electrode material during the first electrochemical lithium insertion in various carbonate electrolyte systems....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2004, Vol.151 (9), p.A1383-A1395
Main Authors: SPAHR, Michael E, PALLADINO, Tiziana, WILHELM, Henri, WÜRSIG, Andreas, GOERS, Dietrich, BUQA, Hilmi, HOLZAPFEL, Michael, NOVAK, Petr
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Applied sciences
Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation
Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering
Electrical power engineering
Electrochemical conversion: primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells
Exact sciences and technology
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Summary:Post mortem scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy were applied to study the exfoliation tendency of a high temperature-treated graphite negative electrode material during the first electrochemical lithium insertion in various carbonate electrolyte systems. Exfoliation of the heat-treated graphite electrode material was observed in propylene carbonate (PC)- and ethylene carbonate (EC)-containing electrolytes. Using acyclic carbonates and 1-fluoro ethylene carbonate, exfoliation of the graphite structure could be avoided. LiPF6 used as a conducting salt in the EC-based electrolyte increased the exfoliation tendency of the graphite material. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry was performed to study the passivation of the untreated and heat-treated graphite surface during the first electrochemical Li+ insertion. The heat-treated graphite surface showed a reduced reactivity towards EC, which hindered the graphite surface passivation in EC-based electrolyte systems and led to the exfoliation of the graphite structure so far known only for PC-containing electrolytes.
ISSN:0013-4651
1945-7111
DOI:10.1149/1.1775224