Testing anabolic activity, potency and mechanisms of action of the phyto-derived beta 2 agonist higenamine

• Published in: Toxicology letters 2023-08, Vol.385, p.21-28
• Main Authors: Jiang, L., Piribauer, M., Kostov, T., Steidel, S., Bizjak, DA, Steinacker, JM, Parr, M., Diel, P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anabolic activity; Androgen receptor; Antiandrogen; Antiestrogen; Doping; Estrogen receptor; Higenamine; β2-adrenoceptor
• ISSN: 0378-4274; 1879-3169
• DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.08.007

Higenamine (Hige), a plant derived alkaloid is classified as β2 agonist by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). However, pharmacologic mechanisms of its performance-enhancing activity have not been investigated so far. Therefore, we investigate the anabolic activity and associated molecular mechanisms of Hige in C2C12 myotubes. In differentiated C2C12 cells dose-dependent effects of Hige on myotube size were analyzed. The mRNA expression of genes involved in hypertrophy was measured. For mechanistic studies, β2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2), androgen receptor (AR), and estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitors and dexamethasone (Dexa) were co-incubated and myotube diameter was evaluated. The interaction of Hige with the AR and ER was investigated. Hige treatment significantly increased myotube diameters and stimulated the mRNA expression of hypertrophy-involved genes. In contrast to the ADRB2 inhibitor (ICI 118551), the ER inhibitor ZK 191703, the AR inhibitor Flutamide (Flu), and treatment with Dexa were able to antagonize the Hige-induced increase of myotube diameter. Hige has antagonistic activity in the AR and ER yeast transactivation assay. Our results demonstrate that Hige induces anabolic effects in C2C12 cells but not via the ADRB2. There are indications for a cross talk between Hige and the AR and ER. Future studies are necessary to investigate the involved molecular mechanisms. [Display omitted] •Hige treatment significantly induced hypertrophy of C2c12 myotubes.•mTOR signaling is involved in Hige mediated hypertrophy.•Hige induced hypertrophy is not mediated by the β2-adrenoceptor 2.•The ER and the AR are invoved in Hige mediated hyperthrophy.•Hige has antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic activity.