Microbial siderophores as molecular shuttles for metal cations: sources, sinks and application perspectives

Iron is one of the highly abundant elements on the earth’s crust, an essential micronutrient for a majority of life forms, and exists in two frequent oxidation states such as ferrous (Fe 2+ ) and ferric (Fe 3+ ). These two oxidation states are interconvertible by redox reactions and form complexes w...

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Published in:Archives of microbiology 2023-09, Vol.205 (9), p.322-322, Article 322
Main Authors: Vijay, Karuppiah, Shibasini, Murugan, Sivasakthivelan, Panneerselvam, Kavitha, Thangavel
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bioavailability
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biotechnology
Cations
Cell Biology
Commercialization
Coordination compounds
Earth crust
Ecology
Gene clusters
Genomes
Heavy metals
Iron
Life Sciences
Metal complexes
Metal ions
Microbial Ecology
Microbiology
Microorganisms
Mini Review
Oxidation
Receptors
Redox reactions
Siderophores
Soil pH
Soils
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Summary:Iron is one of the highly abundant elements on the earth’s crust, an essential micronutrient for a majority of life forms, and exists in two frequent oxidation states such as ferrous (Fe 2+ ) and ferric (Fe 3+ ). These two oxidation states are interconvertible by redox reactions and form complexes with a wide range of siderophores. At neutral pH in soil, Fe 2+ is highly soluble upto 100 mM but have less biological value, whereas Fe 3+ is less soluble upto 10 –9  M. This reduced bioavailability of Fe 3+ induces competition among microorganisms. As many microorganisms need at least 10 –6  M of Fe 3+ form of iron for their growth, siderophores from these microbes readily withdraw Fe 3+ iron from a variety of habitats for their survival. In this review, we bring into light the several recent investigations related to diverse chemistry of microbial siderophores, mechanisms of siderophore uptake, biosynthetic gene clusters in microbial genomes, various sources of heavy metal cations in soil, siderophore-binding protein receptors and commercialisation perspectives of siderophores. Besides, this review unearths the recent advancements in the characterisation of novel siderophores and its heavy metal complexes alongside the interaction kinetics with receptors.
ISSN:0302-8933
1432-072X
DOI:10.1007/s00203-023-03644-3