Dynamic feature analysis of handwritten electronic signatures based on Fourier transform

• Published in: Journal of forensic sciences 2024-01, Vol.69 (1), p.264-272
• Main Authors: Yang, Yang, Han, Xingzhou, Qin, Da
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acceleration; Discriminant analysis; document examination; dynamic features data; Forgery; Fourier transform; Fourier transforms; Handwriting; handwriting identification; handwritten electronic signature; Signatures; Statistical analysis; Writing
• ISSN: 0022-1198; 1556-4029
• DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15386

The utilization of handwritten electronic signatures has expanded in various application scenarios, leading to an increased demand for identification. Unlike handwriting signatures, handwritten electronic signatures offer the advantage of extracting dynamic feature data, including writing pressure, velocity, and acceleration. In this study, the Fourier transform was employed to extract 18 characteristics from the time domain and frequency domain of writing pressure, velocity, and acceleration. The experimental findings revealed distinguishable differences between genuine signatures and random forgeries in writing pressure. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in writing velocity and writing acceleration. Moreover, significant differences were detected in most characteristics when comparing genuine signatures with freehand imitation forgeries and tracing imitation forgeries. The canonical discriminant analysis was performed between the genuine and Non‐genuine signatures; the cross‐validation estimated the discriminating power of these characteristics with a satisfactory result. The study proposed a new approach to analyzing handwritten electronic signatures using time‐domain and frequency‐domain characteristics and demonstrated its effectiveness in the examination.