Assessing the Biodegradability of Tire Tread Particles and Influencing Factors

• Published in: Environmental toxicology and chemistry 2024-01, Vol.43 (1), p.31-41
• Main Authors: Nielsen, Ann Flemming, Polesel, Fabio, Ahonen, Tiia, Palmqvist, Annemette, Baun, Anders, Hartmann, Nanna B.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abrasion; Activated sludge; Aerobic biodegradation; Aqueous solutions; Biodegradability; Biodegradation; Black carbon; Carbon black; Constituents; Environmental fate; Inoculum; Isoprene; Isoprene rubber; Microplastics; Natural rubber; Oxygen consumption; Particulate emissions; Particulate matter; Plastic debris; Plastic pollution; Respirometry; Roads; Rubber; Runoff; Scanning electron microscopy; Synthetic rubber; Tire wear; Tires; Toxicology; Wear particles; Weathering
• ISSN: 0730-7268; 1552-8618
• DOI: 10.1002/etc.5757

Abrasion of tire tread, caused by friction between vehicle tires and road surfaces, causes release of tire wear particles (TWPs) into various environmental compartments. These TWPs contribute to chemical, microplastic, and particulate matter pollution. Their fate remains largely unknown, especially regarding the extent and form in which they persist in the environment. The present study investigated (1) the biodegradability of tread particles (TPs) in the form of ground tire tread, (2) how accelerated ultraviolet (UV) weathering affects their biodegradability, and (3) which TP constituents are likely contributors to TP biodegradability based on their individual biodegradability. A series of closed‐bottle tests, with aerobic aqueous medium inoculated with activated sludge, were carried out for pristine TPs, UV‐weathered TPs, and selected TP constituents; natural rubber (NR), isoprene rubber (IR), butadiene rubber (BR), and treated distillate aromatic extracts (TDAE). Biodegradation was monitored by manometric respirometry, quantifying biological oxygen consumption over 28 days. Pristine TP biodegradability was found to be 4.5%; UV‐weathered TPs showed higher biodegradability of 6.7% and 8.0% with similar and increased inoculum concentrations, respectively. The observed TP biodegradation was mainly attributed to biodegradation of NR and TDAE, with individual biodegradability of 35.4% and 8.0%, respectively; IR and BR showed negligible biodegradability. These findings indicate that biodegradability of individual constituents is decreased by a factor of 2 to 5 when compounded into TPs. Through scanning electron microscopy analysis, biodegradation was found to cause surface erosion. Processes of TP biodegradation are expected to change throughout their lifetime as new constituents are incorporated from the road and others degrade and/or leach out. Tire emissions likely persist as particles with an increased fraction of synthetic rubbers and carbon black. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:31–41. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.