Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases

• Published in: Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy 2023-11, Vol.167, p.115597-115597, Article 115597
• Main Authors: Priyanka, Abusalah, Mai Abdel Haleem, Chopra, Hitesh, Sharma, Abhilasha, Mustafa, Suhad Asad, Choudhary, Om Prakash, Sharma, Manish, Dhawan, Manish, Khosla, Rajiv, Loshali, Aanchal, Sundriyal, Ankush, Saini, Jyoti
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Clinical trials; Future direction; Immunity; Infectious diseases; Nanovaccines; Recent advances
• ISSN: 0753-3322; 1950-6007
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115597

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates. [Display omitted] •Nanovaccines made up of nanoscale-based particles stimulate the immune system.•They exhibit site-specific antigen delivery and increased antigen bioavailability.•Nanovaccines' size, surface charge, and shape influence immune-regulation.•B-cell clonal bursts are implicated to construct better-engineered nanovaccines.•VLP, LNP, liposomes, nanogels etc., have been used against infectious diseases.