High familiar faces have both eye recognition and holistic processing advantages

• Published in: Attention, perception & psychophysics perception & psychophysics, 2023-10, Vol.85 (7), p.2296-2306
• Main Authors: Wang, Zhe, Wu, Ting, Zhang, Weidong, Deng, Wenjing, Li, Yijun, Zhang, Lushuang, Sun, Yu-Hao P., Jin, Haiyang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Behavioral Science and Psychology; Cognitive Psychology; Eye; Face; Facial Recognition; Humans; Mouth; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychology; Recognition, Psychology
• ISSN: 1943-3921; 1943-393X; 1943-393X
• DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02792-4

People recognize familiar faces better than unfamiliar faces. However, it remains unknown whether familiarity affects part-based and/or holistic processing. Wang et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 6 , 559 ( 2015 ), Vision Research , 157 , 89–96 ( 2019 ) found both enhanced part-based and holistic processing in eye relative to mouth regions (i.e., in a region-selective manner) for own-race and own-species faces, i.e., faces with more experience. Here, we examined the role of face familiarity in eyes (part-based, region-selective) and holistic processing. Face familiarity was tested at three levels: high-familiar (faces of students from the same department and the same class who attended almost all courses together), low-familiar (faces of students from the same department but different classes who attended some courses together), and unfamiliar (faces of schoolmates from different departments who seldom attended the same courses). Using the old/new task in Experiment 1 , we found that participants recognized eyes of high-familiar faces better than low-familiar and unfamiliar ones, while similar performance was observed for mouths, indicating a region-selective, eyes familiarity effect. Using the “Perceptual field” paradigm in Experiment 2 , we observed a stronger inversion effect for high-familiar faces, a weaker inversion effect for low-familiar faces, but a non-significant inversion effect for unfamiliar faces, indicating that face familiarity plays a role in holistic processing. Taken together, our results suggest that familiarity, like other experience-based variables (e.g., race and species), can improve both eye processing and holistic processing.