Does Racial Diversity Affect White Children's Racial Bias and Reasoning? Depends on Where They Live and How Their Social World Is Structured

• Published in: Developmental psychology 2023-11, Vol.59 (11), p.2094-2104
• Main Authors: Burke, Nicole, Rizzo, Michael T., Britton, Tobias C., Rhodes, Marjorie
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Age differences; Beliefs; Child Attitudes; Childhood Development; Children; Children & youth; Diversity; Human; Neighborhoods; Place of Residence; Predictor Variables; Racial and Ethnic Relations; Racial Bias; Racial Differences; Racial inequality; Racism; Reasoning; Social Environments; Social Influences; Social Networks; Thinking Skills; White People; Whites
• ISSN: 0012-1649; 1939-0599
• DOI: 10.1037/dev0001644

By 4 years of age, White children from across the United States begin to exhibit an awareness of racial inequalities, along with in-group preferences for other White children. The present study explored how the size and racial diversity of White children's social network (e.g., friends, family, and classmates) and neighborhood (zip code) are related to variation in their explanations for racial disparities and anti-Black bias among a sample of 395 White children (ages = 4-11 years old; Mage = 6.6 years) from 263 unique zip codes across the United States. White children in neighborhoods with low diversity were more likely to endorse an extrinsic explanation for racial inequality as their network diversity increased, whereas network diversity did not relate to children's choices for those who lived in neighborhoods with high diversity. These findings held even after controlling for parents' beliefs about diversity, which were themselves positively correlated with children's network and neighborhood diversity. An exploratory analysis revealed that for White children in small networks only, as the number of children of color in their network increased, they were more likely to choose to play with a Black child. Results demonstrate how the diversity of children's social networks and neighborhoods relates to children's developing racial beliefs in contextually dependent ways. Public Significance StatementThis study suggests that the interaction between demographics of White children's micro- and macro-level environments relates to their explanations for racial disparities, even after controlling for parents' own beliefs about diversity. This study highlights the importance of using a multilevel approach in exploring how early environments may shape cognition.