Evoking Ferroptosis by Synergistic Enhancement of a Cyclopentadienyl Iridium‐Betulin Immune Agonist

• Published in: Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2023-11, Vol.62 (48), p.e202312897-n/a
• Main Authors: Lv, Mengdi, Zheng, Yue, Wu, Jian, Shen, Zhengqi, Guo, Binglian, Hu, Guojing, Huang, Yuanlei, Zhao, Jingyue, Qian, Yong, Su, Zhi, Wu, Chao, Xue, Xuling, Liu, Hong‐Ke, Mao, Zong‐Wan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT protein; Anticancer properties; Antitumor activity; Apoptosis; Cell death; Cyclopentadienyl Ligands; Cytotoxicity; Ferroptosis; Glutathione; Glutathione peroxidase; Homeostasis; Immune response; Immune system; Immunochemotherapy; Immunogenicity; Immunoregulation; Iridium; Iridium - pharmacology; Iridium Complexes; Iron; Iron - metabolism; Lipid peroxidation; Lipids; Lymphocytes; Lymphocytes T; Natural products; Nonferrous metals; Peroxidase; Peroxidation; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Synergistic Strategy; TOR protein; Vaccination
• ISSN: 1433-7851; 1521-3773
• DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312897

Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death driven by iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation (LPO) with the potential for antitumor immunity activation. In this study, a nonferrous cyclopentadienyl metal‐based ferroptosis inducer [Ir(Cp*)(Bet)Cl]Cl (Ir‐Bet) was developed by a metal‐ligand synergistic enhancement (MLSE) strategy involving the reaction of [Ir(Cp*)Cl]2Cl2 with the natural product Betulin. The fusion of Betulin with iridium cyclopentadienyl (Ir‐Cp*) species as Ir‐Bet not only tremendously enhanced the antiproliferative activity toward cancer cells, but also activated ferritinophagy for iron homeostasis regulation by PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade inhibition with a lower dosage of Betulin, and then evoked an immune response by nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) activation of Ir‐Cp* species. Further immunogenic cell death (ICD) occurred by remarkable ferroptosis through glutathione (GSH) depletion, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) deactivation and ferritinophagy. An in vivo vaccination experiment demonstrated desirable antitumor and immunogenic effects of Ir‐Bet by increasing the ratio of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)/regulatory T cells (Tregs). A metal‐ligand synergistic enhancement (MLSE) strategy was used to develop an immune agonist Ir‐Bet composed of an iridium complex fused with the natural product Betulin, which induced ferritinophagy‐enhanced ferroptosis to activate antitumor immunity. The MLSE strategy not only promotes effective ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death (ICD), but also provides a new mechanism of action for metal‐based anticancer complexes for cancer therapy.