Design and Photonics of Merocyanine Dyes

• Published in: Chemical record 2024-02, Vol.24 (2), p.e202300262-n/a
• Main Authors: Kulinich, Andrii V., Ishchenko, Alexander A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anticancer properties; Antitumor agents; Donor-acceptor systems; Dyes; Electronic structure; Fluorescent indicators; Nonlinear optics; Optics; Optoelectronics; Organic chemistry; Photodynamic therapy; Photophysics; Photovoltaic cells; Polarizability; Polymethines; Solar cells; Solvatochromism; Structure-activity relationships
• ISSN: 1527-8999; 1528-0691
• DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300262

Merocyanines, thanks to their easily adjustable electronic structure, appear to be the most versatile and promising functional dyes. Their D–π–A framework offers ample opportunities for custom design through variations in both donor/acceptor end‐groups and the π‐conjugated polymethine chain, and leads to a broad range of practical properties, including noticeable solvatochromism, high polarizability/hyperpolarizabilities, and the ability to sensitize various physicochemical processes. Accordingly, merocyanines are applied and extensively studied in various fields, such as light‐converting materials for optoelectronics, nonlinear optics, optical storage, solar cells, fluorescent probes, and antitumor agents in photodynamic therapy. This review encompasses both classical and novel more important publications on the structure–property relationships in merocyanines, with particular emphasis on the results by A.  I. Kiprianov and his followers in Institute of Organic Chemistry in Kyiv, Ukraine. As functional dyes, merocyanines present a unique challenge for researchers. Their seemingly simple and straightforward donor–acceptor structure allows for targeted control of their photophysical characteristics. However, the high dynamism of their electronic structure, its strong dependence not only on the chemical composition but also on the environment polarity, makes studying and designing merocyanines a daunting task, despite several established structure–property relationships. This review attempts to outline some beacons in this wavy ocean of variability.