Effects of Metal Ions and Substituents on HOMO–LUMO Gap Evident from UV–Visible and Fluorescence Spectra of Anthracene Derivatives

• Published in: Journal of fluorescence 2024-11, Vol.34 (6), p.2495-2512
• Main Authors: Islam, Sana, Mansha, Asim, Asim, Sadia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Absorption spectra; Alkynes; Analytical Chemistry; Anthracene; Biochemistry; Biological and Medical Physics; Biological effects; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Biophysics; Biotechnology; Carboxylic acids; Cations; Cellulose; Chemical sensors; Chemical synthesis; Chemoreceptors; Copper; Copper converters; Coumarin; Cycloaddition; Density functional theory; Emission spectra; Energy levels; Fluorescent indicators; Hydroxyl groups; Nanomaterials; Nanoparticles; Naphthalene; Oxidation; Phenanthrene; Review; Sensors; Temperature effects
• ISSN: 1053-0509; 1573-4994; 1573-4994
• DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03482-y

Controlled intake of complex metal cations and anions in the human body and other biological systems is essential for the health and well-being of the environment. Anthracene and anthracene derivatives are the most widely used sensors for this purpose. Because of their convenience, better detection and results are preferred over colorimetric sensors, which offer better color detection by the naked eye. This review article will present different designs of chemosensors using fluorescence and UV–visible spectroscopy to determine different ions. Density functional theory and Austin model 1 are widely used for theoretical and computational studies of the energy levels of molecules. The Indo/Cis method is used to calculate the geometries of anthracene oligomers. A novel anthracene-based fluorescent probe containing the benzothiazole group BFA was highly sensitive and selective toward trivalent cations (Cr 3+  and Fe 3+ ). This sensor is not sensitive to other ions, including Aluminum trivalent ions. (N- ((anthracen-9-yl) methyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl) pyridin-2-amine) has been designed to detect zinc and copper. Click chemistry using photodimerization can be used to form cellulose nanoparticles. TEMPO-mediated hypohalite oxidation converts hydroxyl groups to carboxylic groups. Amide linkage formation between amine and carboxylic acid was followed by the installation of an alkyne group. Copper (I)-catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) was used to produce highly photoresponsive and fluorescent cellulose nanoparticles by using coumarin, anthracene, and generated nanomaterials. The effects of naphthalene and phenanthrene on the spectra of anthracene were determined in a dilute solution. Temperature and solvent effects introduce different changes in fluorescence, emission, and absorption bands, leading to some changes in the configuration of anthracene. The solvent and temperature effects on variations of emission maxima of exciplex anthracene—diethylaniline (DEA) are also discussed. Graphical Abstract