Room temperature esterification of high-free fatty acid feedstock into biodiesel

• Published in: RSC advances 2023-11, Vol.13 (47), p.3317-33113
• Main Authors: Supeno, Minto, Sihotang, John P, Panjaitan, Yolinda V, Damanik, Dian S. Y, Tarigan, Juliati Br, Sitepu, Eko K
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biodiesel fuels; Catalysts; Catalytic activity; Chemistry; Esterification; Fatty acids; Flow stability; High temperature; Methanol; Oleic acid; Process parameters; Raw materials; Reaction time; Room temperature; Sulfuric acid
• ISSN: 2046-2069; 2046-2069
• DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06912e

The esterification of a high-free fatty acid feedstock to biodiesel is often performed in high-temperature conditions using either homogeneous or heterogeneous acid catalysts. Thus, this study attempts to esterify oleic acid to biodiesel in room temperature conditions using sulphuric acid as a catalyst and a homogenizer device. The influences of process parameters including the molar ratio of oleic acid to methanol, catalyst concentration and rotational speed on biodiesel conversion were determined in different reaction times. The maximum conversion of 96.1 ± 0.4% was obtained in the presence of a molar ratio of 1 : 12, catalyst concentration of 0.7 mol L −1 , a rotational speed of 4000 rpm and a reaction time of 30 minutes. The catalytic reusability test showed that the addition of fresh methanol is required to maintain the catalytic activity. However, the homogenizer-intensify esterification of oleic acid to biodiesel showed better performance than other methods as the reaction could conducted at room temperature and at a short reaction time. The predicted biodiesel properties meet the international standard except for oxidative stability. However, the flow properties revealed that the biodiesel can be used in winter season. The esterification of a high-free fatty acid feedstock to biodiesel is often performed in high-temperature conditions using either homogeneous or heterogeneous acid catalysts.