Understanding sensitivity and cross-reactivity of xylazine lateral flow immunoassay test strips for drug checking applications

• Published in: Drug testing and analysis 2024-09, Vol.16 (9), p.942-947
• Main Authors: Sisco, Edward, Nestadt, Danielle F, Bloom, Madeline B, Schneider, Kristin E, Elkasabany, Rae A, Rouhani, Saba, Sherman, Susan G
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cross Reactions; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - methods; Humans; Illicit Drugs - analysis; Immunoassay - methods; Limit of Detection; Mass spectrometry; Reagent Strips - chemistry; Reproducibility of Results; Scientific imaging; Sensitivity and Specificity; Substance Abuse Detection - methods; Tandem Mass Spectrometry - methods; Xylazine - analysis
• ISSN: 1942-7603; 1942-7611; 1942-7611
• DOI: 10.1002/dta.3612

The continued prevalence of xylazine in the illicit drug market has necessitated development of quick and simple methods for identification, including lateral flow immunoassays (also known as "test strips"), like those frequently used to detect fentanyl. This study explored the drug checking applicability of the first publicly available xylazine test strips (XTS) using four sub-studies: reproducibility (i.e., consistency of positive results in a highly-concentrated xylazine solution); limit of detection on a calibration curve of xylazine concentrations; cross-reactivity against 77 commonly encountered drugs, cutting agents, and other structurally similar compounds; and applicability for analyzing community-acquired samples-where 100 drug residue samples were analyzed using XTS, direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). XTS consistently detected xylazine at concentrations ≥2.5 μg/ml, and XTS results were reproducible. Sensitivity and specificity of XTS were calculated by comparing expected versus obtained results based on xylazine concentration of community-acquired samples measured by GC-MS/MS. XTS consistently detected xylazine in samples with concentration >2 μg/ml and yielded a sensitivity of 0.974, specificity of 1.00, and overall accuracy of 0.986. Cross-reactivity with lidocaine, a common cutting agent, and lack of XTS reactivity with other α -agonists found in the illicit drug supply highlight the need to offer consumers comprehensive drug checking services that identify a range of substances and better inform them about drug contents.