Simulation of ionization charge carrier cascade time and density for a new radiation detection method based on modulation of optical properties

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2024-02, Vol.51 (2), p.1383-1395
• Main Authors: Jeong, Diana, Tao, Li, Song, Xin Ran, Adams, Zander, Zhang, Xin, Wang, Jinghui, Levin, Craig S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: charge carrier generation; coincidence time resolution (CTR); Computer Simulation; free carrier effects; Humans; Lumerical; optical property modulation; Photons; Positron-Emission Tomography - methods; pyPENELOPE; Radiography; Scintillation Counting - methods; ToF‐PET; X-Rays
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209
• DOI: 10.1002/mp.16855

Background In time‐of‐flight PET, image quality and accuracy can be enhanced by improving the annihilation photon pair coincidence time resolution, which is the variation in the arrival time difference between the two annihilation photons emitted from each positron decay in the patient. Recent studies suggest direct detection of ionization tracks and their resulting modulation of optical properties, instead of scintillation, can improve the CTR significantly, potentially down to less than 10 ps CTR. However, the arrival times of the 511 keV photons are not predictable, leading to challenges in the spatiotemporal localization characterization of the induced charge carriers in the detector crystal. Purpose To establish an optimized experimental setup for measuring ionization induced modulation of optical properties, it is critical to develop a versatile simulation algorithm that can handle multiple detector material properties and time‐resolved charge carrier dynamics. Methods We expanded our previous algorithm and simulated ionization tracks, cascade time and induced charge carrier density over time in different materials. For designing a proof‐of‐concept experiment, we simulated ultrafast electrons and free‐electron x‐ray photons for timing characterization along with alpha and beta particles for higher spatial localization. Results With 3 MeV ultrafast electrons, by reducing detector crystal thickness, we can effectively reduce the ionization cascade time to 0.79 ps and deposited energy to 198.5 keV, which is on the order of the desired 511 keV energy. Alpha source simulations produced a cascade time of 2.45 ps and charge carrier density of 6.39 × 1020 cm−3. Compared to the previous results obtained from 511 keV photon‐induced ionization track simulations, the cascade time displayed similar characteristics, while the charge density was found to be higher. These findings suggest that alpha sources have the potential to generate a stronger ionization‐induced signal using the modulation of optical properties as the detection mechanism. Conclusions This work provides a guideline to understand, design and optimize an experimental platform that is highly sensitive and temporally precise enough to detect single 511 keV photon interactions with a goal to advance CTR for ToF‐PET.