Kirkendall effect induced ultrafine VOOH nanoparticles and their transformation into VO2(M) for energy-efficient smart windows

• Published in: Materials horizons 2024-02, Vol.11 (4), p.1098-1107
• Main Authors: Wu, Liangfei, Teng, Antonio, Li, Ming, Li, Liang, Huang, Zhulin, Li, Xinyang, Yu, Jie, Xu, Sichao, Zou, Fengxia, Zou, Andy, Zhang, Jinghui, Jiang, Tao, Ye Xin, Hu, Xiaoye, Li, Guanghai
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Annealing; Kirkendall effect; Nanoparticles; Oxidation; Phase transitions; Silicon dioxide; Smart materials; Ultrafines; Vanadium dioxide; Vanadium oxides; Windows (apertures)
• ISSN: 2051-6347; 2051-6355
• DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01393f

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has received widespread attention for application in energy-efficient smart windows because of its distinct thermochromic property in the near-infrared region during the reversible metal–insulator phase transition. In this study, lepidocrocite VOOH ultrafine nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter less than 30 nm were prepared by a mild and efficient hydrothermal method, and the Kirkendall effect played a vital role in the growth of the VOOH NPs. It was found that VOOH could be transformed into VO2via a subsequent annealing treatment during which the size and morphology of VOOH are well preserved even though the annealing temperature is up to 500 °C. The ultrafine VO2 NPs are crucial for achieving excellent nanothermochromic performance with a luminous transmittance (Tlum) up to 56.45% and solar modulation ability (ΔTsol) up to 14.95%. The environmental durability is well improved by coating VO2 NPs with an SiO2 shell as confirmed via progressive oxidation and acid corrosion experiments. Meanwhile, the Tlum of the VO2@SiO2 film is further increased from 56.45% to 62.29% while the ΔTsol remained unchanged. This integrated thermochromic performance presents great potential for the development of VO2-based smart windows.