Occurrence and significance of anomalous chloride waters at the Orakei Korako geothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

• Published in: Geothermics 2006-06, Vol.35 (3), p.211-220
• Main Authors: Browne, Patrick R.L., Rodgers, Kerry A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cave hydrology; Earth sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics; Exact sciences and technology; Geothermal fluids; Geothermics; Marine; New Zealand; Orakei Korako; Thermal waters
• ISSN: 0375-6505; 1879-3576
• DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.02.005

Water with Cl concentrations from 15 to almost 10,000 mg/kg, and molecular SO 4/Cl ratios ranging from 0.003 to 1.87, drips periodically from the roof of Ruatapu cave and a side chamber, Rahu Rahu, located in the Orakei Korako geothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Pools in the bottom of both Ruatapu and Rahu Rahu contain sulfate–chloride waters with pH values ranging from 2.5 to 3.0; their Cl contents have varied temporally from 120 to 240 mg/kg and their molecular SO 4/Cl ratios from 0.86 to 1.30. The Cl in the water dripping from the cave roof cannot come directly from the alkali chloride–bicarbonate water that circulates in the reservoir at Orakei Korako since the modern and historic piezometric surfaces are several meters below the cave roof. Nor does all the Cl in the cave pool waters derive from the reservoir fluid as the volume input required is incompatible with their Na and K contents. A more likely source for the Cl is one whereby rain water, percolating through the fractured rhyolitic country rock, dissolves Cl present either in glass shards or halite deposited in prehistoric times when trapped alkali chloride water boiled to dryness. Given that Cl in the cave pool waters is therefore supplied from a source above rather than, as previously assumed, below, the axiom that Cl present in acid sulfate–chloride ± bicarbonate waters is necessarily a signature of a deep water or magmatic input needs qualification.