Contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to persistent La Niña-like conditions in the early 21st century

The discrepancy between the observed lack of surface warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific and climate model projections of an El Niño-like warming pattern confronts the climate research community. While anthropogenic aerosols have been suggested as a cause, the prolonged cooling trend over the...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2024-01, Vol.121 (5), p.e2315124121-e2315124121
Main Authors: Hwang, Yen-Ting, Xie, Shang-Ping, Chen, Po-Ju, Tseng, Hung-Yi, Deser, Clara
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aerosols
Anthropogenic factors
Climate models
Cooling
El Nino
Emissions control
Evaporation
La Nina
Northern Hemisphere
Reduction
Sea surface temperature
Surface temperature
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Summary:The discrepancy between the observed lack of surface warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific and climate model projections of an El Niño-like warming pattern confronts the climate research community. While anthropogenic aerosols have been suggested as a cause, the prolonged cooling trend over the equatorial Pacific appears in conflict with Northern Hemisphere aerosol emission reduction since the 1980s. Here, using CESM, we show that the superposition of fast and slow responses to aerosol emission change-an increase followed by a decrease-can sustain the La Niña-like condition for a longer time than expected. The rapid adjustment of Hadley Cell to aerosol reduction triggers joint feedback between low clouds, wind, evaporation, and sea surface temperature in the Southeast Pacific, leading to a wedge-shaped cooling that extends to the central equatorial Pacific. Meanwhile, the northern subtropical cell gradually intensifies, resulting in equatorial subsurface cooling that lasts for decades.
ISSN:0027-8424
1091-6490
DOI:10.1073/pnas.2315124121